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A bootable USB stick is a USB flash drive prepared so a compatible computer can start from it. Depending on what is written to the drive, it can launch an operating-system installer, a live operating system, or a repair environment. Making one means writing bootable media to the drive—not simply copying an image file onto it—and the process can erase files already stored there.

What “bootable” means

“Bootable” describes what the prepared USB drive can do: a compatible computer can use it as a startup source. An ordinary USB storage drive is not automatically bootable. It needs suitable operating-system or utility media, prepared in a way the computer’s firmware can recognize.

As Ubuntu’s official instructions put it, creating the drive is “different from copying a file to the USB stick.” Writing the image creates the media needed to start the installer or environment.

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What a bootable USB stick is used for

The contents determine what happens when the computer starts from the drive. Common uses include:

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For example, Ubuntu documents all of these uses for its bootable USB media in its Desktop USB guide.

How it differs from a regular USB drive

A regular USB drive stores and transfers files. A bootable one is prepared with media that a computer can start from, and whether that works depends on the image, the way it was written, and the target computer’s firmware and boot support. The same physical drive can be used for ordinary storage, but creating bootable media may overwrite its existing contents.

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What you need to make one

  • A USB flash drive with enough capacity. Ubuntu’s documented Desktop installation-media workflow calls for an 8 GB USB stick or larger. That is Ubuntu’s requirement for this workflow, not a universal minimum for every operating system or utility image. Check the exact image’s instructions.
  • An operating-system or utility image from its official source. Use an image intended for the computer and task.
  • A compatible image-writing method. The right tool depends on your computer and the image. Ubuntu documents graphical options on supported Linux desktops, as well as writing options for Windows and macOS; its Startup Disk Creator is intended for Ubuntu images and Ubuntu-based distributions.

Back up any files you want to keep before writing the image. Ubuntu warns that its process overwrites and destroys the data currently on the USB stick.

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How a computer starts from the USB

Insert the prepared stick and restart the computer. Some computers recognize installation media automatically; on others, you must open the firmware boot menu and select the USB drive. The key used to open that menu varies by machine, so consult the computer maker’s instructions if you do not know it.

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Successful startup is not guaranteed merely because the image was written. The computer must support a boot method compatible with the media. Requirements can also be specific to an operating system or tool: for example, Microsoft’s Factory OS USB procedure requires a UEFI-capable target with Secure Boot disabled. Those are requirements for that Factory OS workflow, not for every bootable USB drive.

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Important cautions

  • Writing the image can erase the drive. Confirm the selected device is the USB stick you intend to use, and copy off important files first.
  • Capacity requirements vary. Ubuntu specifies 8 GB or larger for its documented Desktop workflow; other images may have different requirements.
  • Instructions are tool-specific. Microsoft’s WinPE instructions use MakeWinPEMedia and warn that the command formats the selected partition. Follow the documentation for the particular image and creation tool rather than assuming every process behaves identically.

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