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The Earthshot Prize is organized around five environmental goals, known as the five Earthshots: Protect and Restore Nature, Clean Our Air, Revive Our Oceans, Build a Waste-Free World, and Fix Our Climate. Each is a 2030 challenge with a defined outcome and three official areas in which practical solutions are encouraged.

The goals are not five unrelated award categories. They are connected parts of one environmental system: land supports food and clean water, air pollution affects health and climate, oceans regulate climate and livelihoods, waste consumes resources, and cutting carbon depends on changes across all of those systems.

The five Earthshot goals at a glance

Earthshot Environmental domain Stated 2030 outcome Official focus areas Typical solution types
Protect and Restore Nature Forests, wetlands, peatlands, wildlife and food systems The natural world is growing rather than shrinking for the first time in human history. Protect high-biodiversity places; restore damaged ecosystems; feed people while protecting nature. Landscape restoration, conservation corridors, regenerative farming and nature-positive food systems.
Clean Our Air Air quality and transport Everyone breathes clean, healthy air at World Health Organisation standard or better. Citizen data and clean-air policy; prevent burning of fields, forests and waste; clean transportation for all. Low-cost air sensors, emissions rules, alternatives to open burning and zero-emission mobility.
Revive Our Oceans Coasts, fisheries and marine ecosystems Oceans are repaired and preserved for future generations. Protect and restore coastal ecosystems; replenish fish populations; reduce demand for fishmeal. Mangrove and reef restoration, sustainable fisheries and alternative aquaculture feeds.
Build a Waste-Free World Materials, food, plastics, fashion and electronics Nothing goes to waste; one process’s leftovers become another process’s raw materials. Reduce food loss from farm to fork; phase out single-use and non-recycled plastics; create high-value circularity in fashion and electronics. Reuse and refill systems, food-rescue logistics, repair, remanufacturing and material recovery.
Fix Our Climate Energy and greenhouse-gas emissions A carbon-neutral economy lets every culture, community and country thrive. An equitable clean-energy future; non-CO2 greenhouse gases; decarbonisation of hard-to-abate sectors. Renewable power, methane reduction, low-carbon industrial heat, clean fuels and carbon-efficient manufacturing.

The table captures the framework’s intent, but an Earthshot is broader than a single technology. A proposal can be a policy, business model, community program, infrastructure project or scientific innovation if it can produce measurable environmental progress at meaningful scale.

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1. Protect and Restore Nature

This Earthshot treats healthy ecosystems as essential infrastructure rather than scenery. Its 2030 choice is that the natural world should be growing, not shrinking, for the first time in human history. That wording combines two tasks: preventing further loss in places that still hold exceptional biodiversity and repairing ecosystems that have already been degraded.

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What protection involves

Protection can include securing forests, wetlands, peatlands and wildlife corridors. These areas store carbon, regulate water, provide habitat and support people’s livelihoods. A corridor linking fragmented habitats, for example, can allow species to move and reproduce even when individual reserves are too small to function alone.

What restoration involves

Restoration means recovering ecological functions, not simply planting a uniform crop of trees. Depending on the place, that may involve rewetting a peatland, restoring a river’s floodplain, bringing back native vegetation, removing invasive species or rebuilding habitat around farms and towns. Good projects measure whether soil, water, wildlife and local livelihoods improve over time.

Producing food without eroding nature

The third emphasis recognizes a practical constraint: land must feed people while remaining capable of supporting biodiversity. Solutions therefore have to address yields, farmer income and resource use together. Examples include farming methods that rebuild soil, protect pollinators, reduce erosion or integrate trees and crops. A project that shifts environmental damage elsewhere would not meet the spirit of this Earthshot.

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2. Clean Our Air

Clean Our Air sets a public-health threshold: by 2030, everyone should breathe air that meets World Health Organisation standards or better. It covers pollution from transport, energy, agriculture, industry and the open burning of fields, forests and waste.

Making pollution visible

Citizen data collection is one of the official focus areas because many communities lack dense monitoring networks. Affordable sensors, transparent data and local mapping can reveal pollution hotspots and help residents press for action. Sensors alone do not clean the air; their value comes when reliable measurements lead to enforcement, planning or changes in behavior.

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Stopping open burning

Burning agricultural residues, forests or household waste releases particles and toxic compounds close to where people live. Effective alternatives vary by region: residues might be composted, returned to soil or processed into useful materials, while municipal systems can provide collection and safe treatment. Policies need to account for the cost and practicality of those alternatives so that bans do not simply push burning out of sight.

Transport that does not pollute neighborhoods

Clean transportation includes vehicles, fuels and the systems around them. Electrified buses, rail, walking and cycling infrastructure can reduce both tailpipe emissions and exposure along busy corridors. The phrase “for all” matters: an improvement available only in wealthy districts does not deliver universal clean air.

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3. Revive Our Oceans

Revive Our Oceans focuses on repairing marine systems and keeping them productive for future generations. Coastal communities depend on oceans for food, income and protection from storms, while marine ecosystems influence the wider climate system.

Protecting and rebuilding coasts

Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, seagrass meadows, salt marshes and coral reefs can shelter shorelines, provide nursery habitat and store carbon. Protection prevents further damage; restoration attempts to recover ecological functions where they have been lost. Projects must be designed for local conditions, because a method that works in one coastline may fail in another.

Replenishing fish populations

Replenishment requires fisheries management that allows populations to reproduce. Measures can include science-based catch limits, seasonal closures, protected nursery areas and better monitoring of illegal or unreported fishing. The aim is not to end fishing, but to keep fish stocks and fishing communities viable over the long term.

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Reducing demand for fishmeal

Fishmeal is used as feed in parts of aquaculture and livestock production. Lowering demand can reduce pressure on forage fish that support marine food webs. Alternative feeds, improved feed efficiency and farming systems that do not depend on wild-caught inputs are potential routes, provided they do not create new land, water or pollution problems.

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4. Build a Waste-Free World

This Earthshot describes a circular economy in which materials remain useful and the leftovers of one process become inputs for another, as they do in nature. It is a design goal, not a claim that every material can be recycled indefinitely.

Preventing food loss from farm to fork

Food is lost during harvesting, storage, transport, retail and preparation. Better cold chains, storage, packaging, market coordination and redistribution can keep edible food in the human food supply. Inedible residues may still have value as animal feed, compost or industrial inputs, but prevention is generally more resource-efficient than processing waste after it occurs.

Moving beyond disposable plastics

The official ambition is to phase out single-use and non-recycled plastics. Reuse systems, refillable packaging, safer material choices and effective collection can reduce dependence on disposables. Recycling is not a complete answer when products are difficult to collect, contaminated or made from mixed materials; product design and producer responsibility determine whether recovery is feasible.

Keeping fashion and electronics valuable

High-value circularity means retaining the function and value of products for as long as possible. In fashion, that can mean durable design, repair, resale and fiber recovery. In electronics, modular components, refurbishment, secure data wiping and responsible recovery of metals can extend product life. A low-value process that merely downcycles material may be preferable to disposal, but it does not deliver the same benefits as reuse or remanufacturing.

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5. Fix Our Climate

Fix Our Climate calls for cutting carbon and building a carbon-neutral economy in which every culture, community and country can thrive. The wording combines emissions reduction with fairness: climate action is expected to expand opportunity rather than shift costs onto people with the fewest resources.

An equitable clean-energy future

Clean electricity, efficient buildings and access to modern energy are central, but equity affects how quickly they can be adopted. Policies may need to address upfront costs, grid access, worker transitions and energy affordability. A technically low-carbon project that leaves communities without reliable or affordable power is incomplete.

Non-CO2 greenhouse gases

Carbon dioxide is not the only climate pollutant. Methane, nitrous oxide and certain industrial gases can have strong warming effects, often on different time scales. Cutting leaks from fossil-fuel systems, improving waste and livestock management, changing fertilizer practices and replacing high-impact industrial gases can complement carbon reductions.

Hard-to-abate sectors

Some industries cannot switch to direct electrification easily. Steel, cement, chemicals, aviation and shipping may require new processes, low-carbon fuels, alternative materials, efficiency improvements or carefully managed carbon removal. Solutions must account for full life-cycle emissions rather than shifting pollution from a factory to fuel production or transport.

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Why the five Earthshots are connected

The Prize presents the Earthshots as linked challenges. Restoring wetlands can improve biodiversity, store carbon and reduce flood risk. Cleaner transport can lower particulate pollution and climate emissions at the same time. Circular manufacturing can reduce mining, energy demand and waste. Ocean protection can support food security while preserving coastal carbon stores.

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Connections also create trade-offs. Bioenergy crops may compete with food production or habitats; electric-vehicle batteries require mined materials; replacing plastic can increase food spoilage if packaging is removed without a safe alternative. Strong solutions define the problem they solve, measure unintended effects and involve the people affected by implementation.

How the Earthshot Prize uses the goals

HRH Prince William founded the Earthshot Prize in 2020. Its launch announcement on 8 October 2020 said the five challenges were inspired by President John F. Kennedy’s Moonshot and were designed to be achievable by 2030. The framework is underpinned by scientifically agreed targets, including the UN Sustainable Development Goals and other internationally recognized measures.

From nominations to winners

  1. Global nomination: an international network of Official Nominators identifies people and organizations working on solutions.
  2. Longlist screening: thousands of nominations are assessed to produce a Top 150.
  3. Final selection: the process narrows to a Top 15 and then five winners, one associated with each Earthshot.
  4. Fellowship support: all 15 finalists enter a year-long fellowship with tailored support and partnership opportunities.

Each winner receives a catalytic £1 million, described by the Prize as £1 million per winner. A UK government description published in 2021 recorded the planned scale as five £1 million winners each year from 2021 through 2030, providing at least 50 solutions by 2030. That is a program target, not a guarantee that every solution will achieve the same environmental result.

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What an Earthshot win does and does not mean

The Prize’s 2024 Impact Report describes the five goals as aspirational goals pursued by finalists and winners through invention and innovation. Winning recognition can bring funding, visibility and partnerships, but it is not a regulatory certification or proof that a solution has solved an entire environmental problem. Readers should still examine evidence about scale, durability, cost, local impacts and emissions or ecological outcomes.

How to use the Earthshots as a practical framework

For a project, policy or technology, the five goals can serve as a screening checklist:

  • Define the 2030 outcome: state the environmental result in measurable terms rather than describing an intention.
  • Identify the primary Earthshot: choose the goal most directly addressed, then list effects on the other four.
  • Measure benefits and harms: include life-cycle emissions, resource use, biodiversity, health, jobs and affordability where relevant.
  • Show a path to scale: explain financing, infrastructure, policy, skills and community participation.
  • Protect against displacement: check whether pollution, extraction or waste is simply moved to another place or stage of production.

Used this way, the Earthshots are more than award labels. They provide a common vocabulary for comparing very different interventions while keeping the destination—measurable environmental improvement by 2030—in view.

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