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In material-flow accounting, plywood, cement and glass material stocks are the amounts of those materials embodied in buildings and infrastructure at a particular point in time. They are not annual production or consumption, nor materials sitting in a warehouse. There is no single total for all three that can be stated without specifying a place, year, asset coverage and material boundary.
What counts as a material stock?
A stock is material held in long-lived assets at a given moment. An annual flow measures material entering or leaving an economy during a period. For example, cement used during a year is a flow; it is not, by itself, the quantity of cement still embodied in the built environment.
Eurostat’s Economy-wide Material Flow Accounts and Derived Indicators: A Methodological Guide (2001) describes stock changes as the result of flows into and out of stocks—additions and removals during an accounting period. New construction and renovation add material. Demolition and dissipative losses, such as erosion or corrosion, remove it.
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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems- Gross additions: material added to assets during the period.
- Removals: material taken out of assets, including through demolition and losses.
- Net additions to stock (NAS): gross additions minus removals.
Recycled material can leave one asset and enter another. Whether it counts as a removal and a new addition depends on the accounting boundary; estimates should explain how reuse and recycling are treated.
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What do plywood, cement and glass mean in this accounting?
Plywood
Plywood is a wood-based construction material, but an estimate needs a clear product classification. If its input data combine plywood with other wood products or uses, the construction share must be identified before the total can be described as plywood stock in buildings and infrastructure.
Cement
Cement is commonly used as an input to concrete and other construction products. A figure for cement alone is not interchangeable with the mass of concrete containing it. An estimate must say whether it counts cement itself, cement embodied in concrete, or concrete as a composite material.
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Glass
Glass is used in buildings as well as in non-construction applications. Total glass production or domestic use therefore cannot be treated as building glass stock unless the construction share is distinguished.
How are material stocks estimated?
Bottom-up: start with assets
A stock-driven estimate begins with an inventory or survey of assets—such as building types, infrastructure lengths or project quantities—and applies material-intensity or composition coefficients. If the underlying information is sufficiently detailed, results can be separated by material, asset type, location and year. Building counts or floor area alone do not establish material mass; they need suitable composition data.
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Top-down: accumulate historical inflows
An inflow-driven model uses historical material inputs and assumed service lifetimes to estimate how much material remains in use. It can also help project future demolition and waste flows. Its results depend on the completeness of the input series and the lifetime assumptions used.
Hybrid estimates
A hybrid approach combines asset-level information with modeled flows. The appropriate method depends on the study question and the available evidence; neither method removes the need to define what materials and assets are included.
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What published figures can—and cannot—tell you
The European Environment Agency’s indicator page, accessed on 12 October 2026, reports that 39% of material consumption in the EU-27 in 2022 was used to build up material stock. In mass terms, that was 3.21 gigatonnes of processed materials, including 2.84 gigatonnes of non-metallic minerals. Those are annual accumulation figures for the EU-27’s built environment broadly, not absolute in-use stocks of plywood, cement and glass. The EEA notes that absolute EU material-stock levels are not yet widely available.
The same indicator reports average EU-27 material-stock growth of 2.6% per year for 2010–2022. The EEA excludes the two most significant annual outliers from that average. This rate describes growth over that period; it is not a growth rate for any one of the three named materials.
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The figures draw on Eurostat material-flow data and help show the scale of material accumulation, but they do not provide a global or material-by-material stock total. The Eurostat methodological guide discusses construction-material flows, including cement and glass, while emphasizing the need to distinguish construction uses and material categories.
How to compare two stock estimates
Two figures are meaningfully comparable only when their boundaries and measures line up. Check each estimate for:
- Geography and reference date: country, region or city, and the year or period covered.
- Stock or flow: absolute in-use mass, annual additions, removals, net additions, production or consumption.
- Assets covered: buildings alone, buildings plus transport infrastructure, or a broader set of assets.
- Material definition: plywood or broader wood products; cement or concrete; construction glass or all glass.
- Method and evidence: asset inventory and material coefficients, inflow-and-lifetime model, or a combination.
- Accounting choices: how demolition, recycling, reuse, losses, imports and exports are handled.
- Units and denominator: total tonnes, tonnes per person, material per floor area, or another explicitly defined measure.
The UNEP/SEEA 2021 global manual provides a broader framework for economy-wide material-flow accounting. A 2024 project-level accounting study and a 2024 Singapore buildings study illustrate that estimates are bounded by the projects, materials, places and periods they cover; neither establishes a worldwide total for these three materials.
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