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Verify a webhook’s signature against the original request body before trusting or processing its payload. Use the sender’s exact signing recipe: providers differ in header names, signed input, digest encoding, secrets, and timestamp checks. A valid signature supports authenticity and integrity checks, but does not by itself establish freshness or prevent duplicate processing.
What webhook signature verification proves
The sender and receiver use a configured secret to produce and check a message authentication value. Your application computes the expected value from the provider-defined input and compares it with the value in the request header. A match indicates that the signed content has not changed and that the request was produced by someone with the signing secret. GitHub describes validation as checking that a delivery came from GitHub and was not tampered with: GitHub’s webhook validation guidance.
A signature does not automatically prove that a request is recent, has not been received before, or is safe to execute. Handle freshness and duplicate processing separately, using the controls the provider supports and the safeguards your application needs.
Verify the original body before parsing it
Signatures are calculated over defined bytes or a defined string, not over the JSON object your application eventually constructs. Parsing and reserializing can alter whitespace, key order, or encoding, so the reconstructed body may not match what the sender signed. GitHub, Shopify, Slack, and Stripe all document raw-body requirements for their respective verification procedures.
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Capture the original request body and verify it before JSON parsing, form decoding, normalization, or other transformations. In an Express-style application, route the webhook through raw-body capture before general JSON parsing middleware, or use the provider’s supported SDK or integration. Stripe specifically warns that placing express.json() before the webhook route can consume or change the body needed for verification. Shopify likewise warns against running body-parsing middleware first.
Where verification belongs in the request pipeline
- Capture the original body. Retain the raw bytes or raw string required by the provider.
- Read verification metadata. Obtain the signature header and any required timestamp or delivery identifiers.
- Select the correct secret. Use the secret associated with the actual provider, endpoint, app, or event source.
- Compute the expected signature. Follow the provider’s exact signed input, digest algorithm, and encoding.
- Compare safely. Reject missing, malformed, or non-matching signatures using a constant-time comparison function.
- Parse and process only after verification. Treat the payload as untrusted until the check succeeds.
- Apply separate freshness and deduplication controls. Use timestamp checks where supported and make business operations idempotent where retries or repeated deliveries could matter.
This is a common placement pattern, not a universal code recipe. Use the provider’s documented integration where available; the details below are not interchangeable.
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How the signing formats differ
| Provider | Header and signed input | Format and additional controls |
|---|---|---|
| GitHub | X-Hub-Signature-256; HMAC-SHA256 over the payload contents. |
Hex digest prefixed with sha256=. GitHub identifies X-Hub-Signature, which uses SHA-1, as legacy. Handle the payload’s UTF-8 representation correctly. |
| Shopify | X-Shopify-Hmac-SHA256; HMAC-SHA256 over the raw request body for HTTPS webhook delivery. |
Base64-encoded digest. Shopify says this HMAC verification applies to HTTPS deliveries; Google Cloud Pub/Sub and Amazon EventBridge do not require it. Use delivery IDs and idempotency for duplicate handling. |
| Slack | X-Slack-Signature; HMAC-SHA256 over a versioned base string formed from v0, the timestamp, and the raw request body. |
The signature contains v0= and a hex digest. Slack’s documentation gives a five-minute example age limit for its timestamp check. |
| Stripe | Stripe-Signature; use Stripe’s SDK event-construction or verification function with the request body, signature header, and endpoint secret. |
The documented header shape includes timestamp and signature components such as t=..., v1=..., and v0=.... Follow the SDK’s verification procedure and use the secret for the event’s source. |
For provider-specific steps and examples, consult the official documentation: GitHub, Shopify, Slack, and Stripe. Do not reduce verification to “HMAC the JSON”: identify the correct secret, original input, algorithm, encoding, and any timestamp rules for that provider.
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Why signature verification fails
The wrong secret was selected
Confirm that the secret is configured and belongs to the webhook, endpoint, or app that sent the event. GitHub says its signature header is absent when no secret is configured. Stripe distinguishes a Dashboard endpoint secret from the Stripe CLI forwarding secret, so use the one associated with the event’s source. Shopify says that after client-secret rotation, it can take up to one hour before new-secret HMAC digests are generated.
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The header, algorithm, or encoding does not match
Check the exact header name and representation in the provider’s docs. GitHub recommends X-Hub-Signature-256 with HMAC-SHA256 rather than the legacy SHA-1 header. Encoding also differs: GitHub’s digest is prefixed hexadecimal, while Shopify’s is Base64. Do not compare values after changing or stripping provider-required formatting unless its verification procedure explicitly calls for that.
The body changed before verification
Review middleware order and any framework, proxy, or load balancer that might parse, normalize, reserialize, or modify the request. Compare against the raw representation received by the handler, not a pretty-printed or regenerated object. Stripe lists whitespace, key-order, serialization, and encoding changes as causes of failures; GitHub warns that proxies or load balancers must not modify the body or headers.
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The comparison or header handling is unsafe
Use a cryptographic library’s constant-time comparison helper instead of ordinary string equality. Validate that required headers exist and have the expected format before comparing. GitHub’s Python example uses hmac.compare_digest and explicitly warns against plain ==; Shopify’s Node example uses crypto.timingSafeEqual, and Slack recommends an HMAC comparison function.
Keep replay protection separate from duplicate handling
Freshness checks limit replay windows
Where a provider signs a timestamp, check it according to that provider’s current policy and keep the server clock synchronized. Slack’s documentation gives an example of rejecting requests whose timestamp differs from local time by more than five minutes. That is Slack’s example, not a universal webhook standard. The cited GitHub validation guidance does not specify a signed timestamp or replay window, so a GitHub signature alone should not be treated as equivalent to Slack’s timestamped format.
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Idempotency handles repeated delivery
Providers may retry deliveries after network timeouts, and an application may receive the same event more than once. Shopify recommends idempotent processing and documents two useful identifiers: X-Shopify-Webhook-Id identifies an individual delivery, while X-Shopify-Event-Id can correlate separate subscriptions caused by the same merchant action. Do not collapse separate subscriptions as though they were necessarily one delivery. Slack also states that a regenerated client secret remains valid alongside the prior secret for 24 hours unless manually revoked; treat this as Slack-specific rotation guidance, not a general secret-rotation rule.
Protect signing secrets
Use a high-entropy secret, store it securely, and do not hardcode or commit it. Keep it out of logs, source examples, and error responses. A managed secret store or environment-backed configuration can help keep deployment secrets separate from application code. For each incoming request, select the secret for the relevant provider and endpoint rather than trying unrelated secrets indiscriminately.
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