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TRISHNA is a planned CNES–ISRO Earth-observation satellite that will map land and water-surface temperature in thermal infrared, alongside visible and shortwave-infrared measurements. The current CNES project page schedules launch for 2027, but the spacecraft is still in development and the date can change. If completed as planned, TRISHNA will provide 60-metre data products with a nominal three-day equatorial revisit, supporting studies of water stress, evapotranspiration, hydrology, urban heat and other surface processes.
What is the TRISHNA satellite mission?
TRISHNA stands for Thermal infraRed Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural resource Assessment. It is a joint mission of France’s CNES (the National Centre for Space Studies) and India’s ISRO (the Indian Space Research Organisation). The mission is designed to observe how land and coastal surfaces warm and cool, then combine those thermal observations with visible and shortwave-infrared (VSWIR) measurements.
Surface temperature is more than a weather statistic. A field, lake, city or bare soil patch can have a different temperature because of moisture, vegetation, material, wind, shading or energy exchange with the atmosphere. Measuring those patterns repeatedly can help scientists estimate water use and energy flows at a scale between very-high-resolution local surveys and coarser global satellite products.
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TRISHNA is therefore a satellite mission, not a consumer sensor or a currently available data service. Every specification below is a planned mission parameter unless explicitly identified as a development milestone; there are no post-launch performance results yet.
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When will TRISHNA launch, and what is its status?
CNES’s current English TRISHNA project page lists 2027 as the planned launch year and describes the mission as in development. Earlier CNES material and ISRO documents referred to 2026. The change should be read as schedule evolution, not as a guaranteed launch date. A launch year remains provisional until the agencies announce a firm date and the spacecraft reaches the required readiness milestones.
| Development reference | What it establishes | How to interpret it |
|---|---|---|
| Current CNES project page | 2027 launch listing; mission under development | Current published schedule, not a guarantee |
| Earlier CNES and ISRO documents | 2026 launch references | Older planning information superseded by the current CNES listing |
| ISRO Annual Report 2024–25 | Two system-interface performance and validation reviews; international science workshop in November 2024 | Evidence of continuing engineering and science coordination |
| ISRO Annual Report 2025–26 | Preliminary design review completed for bus elements and VNIR/SWIR payloads | A design milestone, not launch readiness or on-orbit validation |
Readers should check the latest CNES and ISRO announcements for any schedule revision. Until launch and commissioning occur, planned products, coverage and performance should not be treated as operational facts.
How will TRISHNA observe Earth?
Orbit and viewing geometry
CNES specifies a 761-kilometre sun-synchronous orbit with a local descending-node crossing time of 12:30 p.m. A sun-synchronous orbit keeps the spacecraft’s lighting geometry broadly consistent from pass to pass, which helps comparisons between dates.
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The planned revisit is three days at the equator. CNES’s detailed mission description adds an important qualification: the same point is viewed at the same angle every eight days, while the instrument’s wide field of view creates more frequent opportunities from different angles and can improve observation frequency at temperate latitudes. “Three-day revisit” therefore does not mean that every location receives an identical view every three days.
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Two complementary instruments
TRISHNA carries two instruments:
- CNES thermal-infrared instrument: measures emitted thermal radiation used to derive land and water-surface temperature.
- ISRO visible/shortwave-infrared instrument: supplies reflected-light information that complements the thermal channels.
An ISRO 2024 TRISHNA workshop flyer specifies four thermal-infrared (TIR) bands and seven VSWIR bands. The combination is intended to distinguish temperature-related signals from vegetation, soil, water and atmospheric effects more effectively than a single-band observation.
Resolution, timing and coverage
The camera’s ground resolution is planned to vary from 57 metres at nadir (directly below the satellite) to 90 metres at the swath edge. Mission products are specified at 60 metres. These numbers describe different parts of the imaging chain: a detector’s viewing resolution is not identical to the standardized grid used for distributed products.
The ISRO workshop material describes thermal acquisitions covering the globe around noon and midnight. Those observations, combined with repeat passes, are intended to capture daily heating and cooling cycles rather than a single snapshot. Actual acquisition schedules, cloud screening and usable coverage will depend on the commissioned system and the product-generation rules adopted after launch.
Spacecraft engineering figures
| Parameter | Planned value | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Total mass | Approximately 1 tonne | Spacecraft engineering mass listed by CNES |
| Onboard data memory | 1.4 Tbits | Storage for collected measurements before downlink |
| X-band downlink | 920 Mbps | Planned radio-link rate for transferring data to ground stations |
| Nominal mission lifetime | 5 years | Design operating period, not a promise of an exact end date |
The memory and telemetry figures describe the satellite’s communications architecture. They are not internet speeds, download guarantees or a measure of the accuracy of the temperature products a user will receive.
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What data is TRISHNA expected to produce?
The ground segment will convert instrument measurements into calibrated physical quantities and user-facing products. The planned data record includes surface-temperature information and variables that can feed biophysical and surface-energy analyses. ISRO’s workshop description specifically mentions:
- surface-temperature records;
- biophysical variables derived from the combined spectral observations;
- surface-energy-balance modelling;
- heat-flux derivation; and
- evapotranspiration estimation.
Evapotranspiration is the combined loss of water through evaporation from soil and water surfaces and transpiration from plants. A temperature map does not measure a field’s water use directly; it becomes useful when processed with spectral, meteorological and land-surface information in a validated model. Product documentation will determine the exact algorithms, uncertainty layers, quality flags, atmospheric corrections, time units and processing levels.
France and India are developing a shared ground segment to perform processing, distribute products, monitor quality and preserve the data over the long term. Jean-Louis Raynaud, identified by CNES as “Responsable Segment Sol Mission TRISHNA” (TRISHNA Mission Ground Segment Manager), described the challenge this way: « Développer un tel segment sol dans le contexte de coopération franco-indienne est un vrai défi, tant sur le plan de la coopération que de la technologie. » The English rendering is: “Developing such a ground segment in the context of Franco-Indian cooperation is a real challenge, both in terms of cooperation and technology.”
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CNES has announced free distribution through the French and Indian mission centres:
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- GEODES, France’s geospatial data platform;
- BHOONIDHI, ISRO’s Earth-observation data portal;
- THEIA, the French thematic portal for land-surface data; and
- ODATIS, the French thematic portal for ocean data.
“Free access” is the announced policy, not evidence that files can be downloaded today. TRISHNA remains pre-launch, so users should consult the portals’ documentation after commissioning for catalogue entries, geographic coverage, formats, application-programming interfaces, processing levels, latency, registration requirements and quality masks. The agencies’ plans also assign the French and Indian mission centres responsibility for product-quality monitoring and long-term preservation.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What applications could TRISHNA support?
Water stress, irrigation and evapotranspiration
Plants that are short of water often cool themselves less effectively, raising canopy temperature. Repeated thermal observations can therefore help identify where vegetation is under stress and where water demand is changing. Combined with the VSWIR data and models, TRISHNA products could support irrigation research, crop-water studies, drought assessment and broader water-resource management. These are intended applications; they are not demonstrated TRISHNA results.
Hydrology and coastal waters
Temperature time series can reveal energy exchange and mixing in lakes, rivers, estuaries and coastal zones. CNES highlights hydrology of coastal strips and land surfaces as a mission domain. Researchers could use repeated observations to investigate thermal fronts, inflows, stratification or anomalous warming, subject to cloud cover, spatial scale and the uncertainty information supplied with each product.
Urban ecosystems and heat
Buildings, pavement, vegetation and open water heat and cool at different rates. TRISHNA’s planned metre-scale products could help map urban thermal patterns, study heat exposure, evaluate vegetation or water-cooling effects and provide inputs to urban-environment research. A 60-metre grid will not resolve every roof, street or individual tree, so city analyses will still need finer local data where decisions depend on street-level variation.
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Cryosphere, solid Earth and atmosphere
CNES also lists the cryosphere, solid Earth and atmosphere among the application areas. Thermal observations can contribute to research on snow and ice surface conditions, exposed geological materials and exchanges between the surface and atmosphere. The mission is an observation source for scientific models, not a standalone forecast system or a replacement for ground measurements.
What are TRISHNA’s practical limits?
- It has not launched: there are no TRISHNA on-orbit accuracy, uptime or societal-impact statistics.
- Resolution changes across the swath: 57 metres at nadir and 90 metres at the edge are camera figures, while distributed products are specified at 60 metres.
- Revisit depends on geometry: a three-day equatorial interval does not guarantee the same viewing angle each time; identical-angle repeat viewing is described as eight days.
- Clouds and atmosphere matter: thermal retrievals require screening and correction, so a nominal overpass does not ensure a usable surface-temperature pixel.
- Model outputs carry assumptions: evapotranspiration and heat-flux estimates depend on algorithms, ancillary weather data and quality flags that will be documented with operational products.
These qualifications are why planned specifications should not be presented as measured performance or compared as a definitive ranking against operating satellites.
Is TRISHNA replacing other Earth-observation missions?
No single mission supplies every combination of thermal resolution, spectral coverage, revisit, viewing angle and licensing terms. The ISRO workshop flyer names NASA/ASI’s Surface Biology and Geology mission and ESA/EC’s Land Surface Temperature Monitoring mission as complementary missions in preparation. That reference indicates scientific complementarity, not a published head-to-head performance result.
When choosing data for a project, compare the variables that affect the specific use case: spatial resolution, revisit interval, thermal versus optical or spectral bands, cloud and viewing constraints, geographic coverage, latency, processing level and access licence. TRISHNA’s value is expected to come from the combination of thermal and VSWIR observations at its planned scale, not from a claim that it is universally better than every other satellite.
What should readers watch for after launch?
- Confirmation of the actual launch and commissioning timeline by CNES and ISRO.
- Publication of product guides describing calibration, atmospheric correction, uncertainty, quality flags and processing levels.
- Opening of GEODES and BHOONIDHI catalogues with real TRISHNA scenes and documented latency.
- Validation reports comparing retrieved temperatures and derived variables with field, airborne or other satellite measurements.
- Updates to the nominal five-year operations plan, including any extensions or changes in acquisition priorities.
Those milestones will turn today’s mission design into evidence about real coverage and accuracy. Until then, TRISHNA should be understood as a developing Franco-Indian capability with a clearly defined scientific objective and a prospective free-data distribution plan.
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