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Researchers at Sweden’s Defence Research Agency (FOI) have developed WiFireNet, a research deep-learning system that analyzes Wi-Fi channel-state information (CSI) to identify people carrying concealed handguns. In controlled experiments, it reached 72.5% handgun average precision under a lenient localization threshold and 53.8% under a stricter one.

Those figures are object-detection benchmark scores, not the percentage of people a checkpoint would screen correctly. The October 2026 work shows that Wi-Fi signals contain useful information about concealed weapons, but it does not establish a certified airport, stadium or consumer security product.

What WiFireNet is designed to do

WiFireNet is intended to detect a handgun concealed on a person without relying on a camera image at the moment of detection. The FOI team—Erik Persson, David Gustafsson and Tomas Wilkinson—trained a neural network on wireless measurements collected in the WiFire dataset.

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The system examines channel-state information, or CSI. CSI records how a radio signal changes as it travels between transmitters and receivers. A person, clothing and an object such as a handgun alter that channel in patterns that a model can learn. WiFireNet uses those patterns to predict the presence and location of a handgun.

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RGB images were paired with the wireless recordings during dataset creation. The visual annotations supplied supervision for training, helping identify where a handgun appeared in each example. At inference, however, the model is intended to use CSI rather than camera images.

Why use Wi-Fi instead of only cameras or metal detectors?

FOI presents Wi-Fi sensing as a complementary security layer. Cameras can miss a weapon hidden by clothing, body position or another person. Metal detectors are effective in many established checkpoints, but normally require people to pass through a constrained detection zone, often one person at a time.

The paper’s stated goal is a modality that can handle some occlusion or concealment without the same strict spatial arrangement. A Wi-Fi sensing installation could, in principle, monitor a less tightly bounded area while people move through it. That is a design objective, not evidence that a deployed system already delivers reliable open-area screening.

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How the research system works

  1. Radio measurements are collected. Transmitters and receivers record CSI as people move through the sensing area.
  2. Training examples are aligned with images. The WiFire dataset pairs wireless samples with RGB imagery so visual annotations can supervise the learning process.
  3. WiFireNet learns wireless signatures. The deep-learning model is optimized to associate CSI patterns with a handgun and its location.
  4. Detection is performed from CSI. The intended operating input is the wireless channel data, not an RGB frame supplied to the model at detection time.

FOI says it released the WiFire dataset, model and source code to support follow-up research. That release makes the work reproducible for researchers, but it does not turn the prototype into a supported commercial detector.

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What the reported accuracy numbers mean

The technical report gives a handgun average precision (AP) of 72.5% at a lenient localization threshold and 53.8% at a stricter threshold. Localization thresholds measure how closely a predicted bounding region must match the annotated weapon location. Requiring a closer match lowers the score, as seen here.

Across the evaluated classes, mean average precision was 50.3% at the lenient threshold and 47.1% at the stricter threshold. AP and mAP summarize ranked object-detection predictions; they are not equivalent to a checkpoint’s true-positive rate, false-alarm rate, or the share of armed people correctly identified.

The evaluation split signal samples into training and test sets. It therefore does not establish how WiFireNet performs in an entirely unfamiliar room, with a different radio layout, or in a separately recorded session. Those conditions are central to real security deployment because walls, furniture, people, antenna placement and local interference can all change CSI.

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One experimental configuration used more pilot subcarriers and performed worse overall. The report says the reason requires further study, so increasing the amount of sampled wireless information cannot yet be treated as a dependable route to higher accuracy.

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How this compares with earlier wireless-sensing studies

Earlier experiments show that wireless signals can contain information about concealed or metallic objects, but their results are not interchangeable with WiFireNet’s handgun AP.

Study Task and setup Reported result Why it is not a direct comparison
FOI WiFireNet, October 2026 CSI-based handgun detection with image-supervised training 72.5% handgun AP at a lenient localization threshold; 53.8% at a stricter threshold; 50.3% and 47.1% mAP across evaluated classes Object-detection scores from a signal-sample split; unfamiliar rooms and separate sessions were not established
IEEE GLOBECOM, 2018 Commodity Wi-Fi prototype distinguishing metal from non-metal cases; one transmitting antenna and two multi-antenna receivers in an indoor area of about 42 by 39 feet 86.44 average accuracy Different classes, hardware, metric and experiment; not a concealed-handgun localization result
Wiley wireless-sensing study, 2025 Indoor detection of metallic plates and real guns at 20 feet 90.5% and 87.5% test-sample accuracy Different objects, distance, protocol and metric; it does not validate WiFireNet

Can it replace metal detectors or camera screening?

No. The available evidence supports Wi-Fi CSI as a promising complementary research modality, not as a replacement for established screening. Metal detectors and cameras have known operational procedures, calibration practices and deployment experience that this prototype has not demonstrated.

A practical security system would also need independent measurements of false positives, false negatives, throughput, alarm resolution, performance with multiple people, and robustness to clothing, body orientation, room changes and radio interference. None of those operational guarantees follows from the reported AP values alone.

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Is it accurate enough for an airport or stadium?

The study does not answer that question. Its test split does not prove generalization to unfamiliar rooms or separately recorded sessions, and the published results are benchmark detection metrics rather than end-to-end screening rates. Airports and stadiums would require site-specific validation, safety and privacy assessments, procedures for resolving alarms, and certification or regulatory approval before operational use.

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The most defensible near-term role is research into a second sensing channel that could flag cases for inspection while existing screening remains in place. Whether that role improves security depends on validation in the environments where it would actually be installed.

Can you buy a Wi-Fi gun detector based on this work?

There is no named consumer detector, router, adapter or turnkey security product identified by the FOI publication. The released dataset, model and code are research resources, not a retail product with installation instructions, support commitments or a stated certification for security screening.

Organizations interested in the concept would need specialized radio-sensing hardware, model deployment expertise and a controlled evaluation program. They should not assume that an ordinary Wi-Fi router running unrelated software reproduces the reported experiment.

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Privacy and deployment questions

Wi-Fi sensing can appear less visually intrusive than a camera because it need not create a conventional image of each person. It still measures people’s interactions with a radio environment and can generate security decisions about them. Any deployment would need a clear legal basis, data-retention rules, access controls, notice and a process for challenging or correcting an alarm.

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Placement is another unresolved issue. CSI depends on the relationship between radios and the surrounding space, so a model trained in one layout may not transfer to another without additional data or calibration. The current evaluation design leaves that generalization question open.

What the FOI release makes possible next

Because the team released its dataset, model and code, other researchers can test the approach across new rooms, recording sessions and concealment conditions. Useful next studies would separate sessions by environment, report false-alarm and miss rates, evaluate several people at once, and compare fixed and changing radio layouts.

Until such tests are completed, WiFireNet should be understood as evidence that CSI contains learnable signals associated with concealed handguns—not as proof that Wi-Fi can already perform dependable, certified screening in public venues.

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