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The SI now has four prefixes for numbers beyond its former range: ronna (R) means 1027, quetta (Q) means 1030, ronto (r) means 10−27, and quecto (q) means 10−30. The 27th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) adopted them on 18 November 2022, extending the official prefix scale in both directions.
What are the four new SI prefixes?
The prefixes attach to SI units to express very large multiples or very small fractions. The official definitions are:
| Prefix | Symbol | Factor | Scale |
|---|---|---|---|
| ronna | R | 1027 | Large multiple |
| quetta | Q | 1030 | Large multiple |
| ronto | r | 10−27 | Small submultiple |
| quecto | q | 10−30 | Small submultiple |
These are powers of ten: 1027 is a 1 followed by 27 zeros, while 1030 is a 1 followed by 30 zeros. The negative exponents indicate reciprocals: 10−27 is 1 divided by 1027, and 10−30 is 1 divided by 1030.
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Letter case is significant. R and Q represent large multiples; r and q represent small submultiples. The name and symbol definitions appear in the 27th CGPM Resolution 3.
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How do ronna and quetta compare?
Ronna and quetta both describe large quantities, but quetta is 1,000 times larger: 1030 divided by 1027 equals 103. On the small-number side, quecto is 1,000 times smaller than ronto. The two pairs mirror each other across unity: ronna and ronto use exponents of plus and minus 27, while quetta and quecto use plus and minus 30.
When were the prefixes adopted?
The CGPM adopted the additions at its 27th meeting on 18 November 2022. The BIPM announced the decision on 19 December 2022. The official announcement summarizes the names, symbols and factors in its notice on the new SI prefixes.
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Why did the SI add prefixes this large and small?
In Resolution 3, the CGPM said the extensions would benefit scientific communities with measurements outside the existing prefix range. It specifically cited data science’s anticipated need to express digital-information quantities above 1024. It also pointed to “the importance of timely action to prevent unofficial prefix names being de facto adopted in other communities.” These are the resolution’s stated considerations; they do not mean every quantity above 1024 requires a new prefix.
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The additions extend the official prefix range to quetta (1030) at the large end and quecto (10−30) at the small end. The SI Brochure, 9th edition, version 4.01, records the 2022 decision as part of the official reference system. The BIPM SI Brochure is the reference for the SI’s definitions and conventions.
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