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Generally, no: U.S. agencies including the FBI and CISA discourage paying a ransomware demand. Payment may not restore your files, stop disclosure of stolen data, or prevent another attack, and it can fund criminal activity. But an active incident is not a simple yes-or-no calculation: decisions should account for safety, essential services, recovery options, legal exposure, and advice from qualified incident responders and counsel.
Why do U.S. agencies discourage paying?
The FBI says it does not support paying a ransom. The FBI and CISA also warn that payment does not guarantee files will be recovered. A criminal may fail to provide a working decryption key, provide one that restores only some data, or demand more money. Even if files become accessible, that does not establish that the affected systems are safe to use.
Payment can also encourage further attacks and fund criminal activity. That broader consequence matters alongside the immediate impact on the victim. It does not, however, make every individual incident or legal situation identical: agencies’ general recommendation is not a guarantee that refusing payment will be painless or risk-free.
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File recovery
A demand is not a reliable recovery service. There is no universal recovery percentage established by the official guidance cited here, and a victim cannot independently enforce an attacker’s promise. Treat any proposed decryptor as unverified until qualified responders assess it and the restoration process.
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Safe systems
Decrypting files is different from removing an attacker’s access, identifying how the intrusion occurred, and rebuilding or restoring systems safely. A device that appears to work may still be compromised. Responders need to investigate and validate recovery before systems return to normal operation.
Privacy of stolen data
Encryption and data theft are separate possibilities. If attackers copied information, paying cannot guarantee that they will delete it, refrain from publishing it, or stop using it. Claims of confidentiality should not be treated as independent assurance.
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How to weigh the decision in an active incident
Do not treat the demand as the full cost of the incident or compare it only with the price of restoring files. Assess the consequences and available options with incident responders and qualified legal counsel.
- People and essential services: Determine whether continued outage could endanger people or disrupt critical operations. Escalate safety and continuity decisions immediately; do not assume paying is the fastest or safest way to restore service.
- Recovery options: Establish whether verified, clean, offline backups exist, whether they can be restored, and how long rebuilding or recovery may take. CISA emphasizes offline backups because ransomware can target backups that remain accessible to affected systems.
- Data exposure: Ask responders what evidence exists of data exfiltration, as distinct from encryption. Payment cannot assure deletion or prevent disclosure.
- Technical trust: Determine whether a decryptor is available for the identified ransomware and whether responders can validate its use and the resulting restoration. An attacker’s claim is not a technical assessment.
- Legal and contractual exposure: Ask counsel to assess applicable sanctions, privacy and breach-notification laws, sector rules, contracts, and insurer terms. The answer can depend on jurisdiction, data, industry, counterparties, and the facts of the incident.
- Time and cost: Compare uncertain payment outcomes and the continuing response costs with restoration, rebuilding, and continuity costs. A ransom is only one possible expense in a broader incident.
- Future harm: Consider both the risk of repeat extortion and the wider incentive effect of funding attackers.
What should you do first?
Containment, evidence preservation, and coordinated response matter whether or not anyone is considering payment. Follow your organization’s incident response plan and the directions of qualified responders; improvised shutdowns or evidence handling can complicate forensic work.
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- Escalate the incident. Contact your organization’s incident-response lead, IT team, and qualified incident responders. Involve leadership, service providers, insurers, and communications staff as appropriate.
- Limit possible spread. The FBI advises disconnecting a suspected infected device from the internet and network in an effort to prevent spread. Coordinate with responders and follow the incident plan, particularly before taking actions that could affect evidence or operations.
- Preserve evidence. Retain ransom notes and relevant incident evidence. Avoid communicating with attackers or transferring funds without specialist and legal involvement.
- Assess restoration and access. Have responders assess the status of clean offline backups, restoration options, possible data theft, and whether an attacker may still have access.
- Report the incident. In the United States, the guidance identifies CISA, an FBI field office, the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3), and the U.S. Secret Service as reporting channels. Outside the United States, contact your national cyber incident reporting authority and law enforcement.
Could paying create legal or sanctions risk?
It can. The U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) warns of sanctions risk when a payment or facilitator has a sanctions nexus, such as a connection to a sanctioned person or entity. The applicable rules and duties depend on the facts and jurisdiction; the advisory does not describe every legal obligation that could apply. Before any contemplated transfer, consult qualified counsel and check current sanctions designations. Do not assume that paying is illegal in every case, or that a particular payment is permissible without case-specific review.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Is refusing to pay risk-free?
No. Refusing may leave an organization facing prolonged disruption, costly rebuilding, or potential disclosure if data was stolen. Paying is not a dependable way to avoid those outcomes, either. The available official guidance does not establish a universal answer or a general success rate for paying; the relevant decision depends on the incident’s technical facts, the consequences of downtime, recovery capacity, and legal advice.
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This is general information, not legal advice or a substitute for incident command. The operational recommendations and reporting channels described here are U.S.-focused; readers in other countries should follow their local authorities’ guidance.
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