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Neither priority is universally correct. Conservation decisions should begin by stating the desired outcome and the place: preserving a species or native community, maintaining an ecological process and resilience, or achieving both. Native species often provide the interactions that make ecosystems function, while a function-focused intervention—especially moving organisms beyond their historical range—can create new risks. The defensible approach is explicit objective-setting, ecological analysis, risk assessment, monitoring and compliance with the rules of the relevant jurisdiction.
Why the choice is not really “species versus function”
Species persistence and ecosystem functioning are linked. Organisms alter nutrient cycles, pollination, seed dispersal, predation, decomposition, water movement and habitat structure through their traits and interactions. A species that is uncommon may still be disproportionately important if it is a keystone species, an ecological engineer or a partner in a close relationship. Conversely, a species can be abundant without sustaining every process a manager wants to retain.
A synthesis hosted by the U.S. Geological Survey explains that species’ functional characteristics and interactions influence ecosystem properties, and that human-caused extinctions and invasions have changed ecosystem goods and services in documented cases. That evidence supports taking function seriously; it does not show that any non-native organism can safely replace a native one or that a process can always substitute for conserving the species that performs it. The USGS-hosted synthesis is useful precisely because it connects biodiversity to process rather than treating them as separate objectives.
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What the ecosystem approach actually prioritizes
The Convention on Biological Diversity’s ecosystem approach gives ecosystem structure and functioning a prominent place. Principle 5 states: Conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning, in order to maintain ecosystem services, should be a priority target of the ecosystem approach.
The accompanying rationale says functioning and resilience depend on relationships within and among species and their abiotic environment. It recommends attention to key structures and ecological processes.
That principle is not a blanket instruction to end single-species conservation. The same guidance calls for monitoring vulnerable and economically important species and presents ecosystem management as an integrated approach. A threatened species can be one of the structures or relationships that maintain a wider system. The official wording and rationale are available in the Convention on Biological Diversity ecosystem-approach decision.
When a native-species priority makes sense
The species itself is the irreplaceable objective
If the conservation mandate is to prevent a species’ extinction, recover its population or protect its genetic diversity, retaining that species is the direct objective. Replacing its apparent function with another organism would not meet the goal, even if some ecosystem process continued.
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Functional labels can hide dependencies. A plant may support a specialist pollinator; a predator may regulate several prey species; a burrowing animal may create shelters used by other organisms. If those relationships are poorly understood, removing or failing to protect the native species can produce effects that a simple function checklist misses.
Native biodiversity and cultural values are explicit priorities
Protected-area plans, species-recovery programs and Indigenous or local stewardship objectives may identify particular native species, communities or genetic lineages as the desired outcome. In such cases, process maintenance is important but should be assessed as part of the species-centered plan rather than used to redefine it without public or legal authority.
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The proposed substitute has uncertain effects
A function-oriented substitute may compete with native organisms, spread pathogens, change food webs or alter disturbance regimes. Where evidence about those effects is weak and the intervention is difficult to reverse, conserving native species and restoring their habitat is usually the lower-regret starting point.
When an ecosystem-function priority can be justified
A process is failing even though individual species remain
Water regulation, decomposition, pollination, fire dynamics or nutrient movement can deteriorate before a formal species-extinction threshold is reached. If the management objective is resilience or a service on which the ecosystem and nearby communities depend, measuring the process directly may reveal risks that a species-count target would miss.
Climate change is breaking historical assumptions
Rapid warming can make a site unsuitable for species that historically occupied it while leaving the physical setting capable of supporting related organisms. A 2025 article in the NERC Open Research Archive argues that northern European forest communities could lose component species under rapid climate change and contends that active translocation, potentially at large scale, may be needed to maintain functioning ecosystems. That is an attributed argument, not a settled consensus or a universal prescription. Read the proposal in its context at Revisiting the case for assisted colonisation under rapid climate change.
A lost role is the specific conservation need
If an extinction has removed a function that no remaining native species can perform, ecological replacement may be considered. The burden is to identify the lost role, show why passive recovery or habitat management is insufficient, and establish safeguards before introducing an organism.
Assisted colonisation makes the trade-off concrete
Assisted colonisation deliberately moves a species outside its historical range to a location expected to offer more suitable current or future conditions. A 2013 peer-reviewed perspective distinguishes two rationales:
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- Push rationale: move a species to help prevent its decline or extinction as conditions change.
- Pull rationale: move a species because it could restore an ecological process at the recipient site.
The rationales can overlap, but they answer different questions. A push project must demonstrate a credible conservation need for the source species and evaluate whether the recipient site can sustain it. A pull project must specify the process to be restored and explain why the proposed organism is an appropriate, safer option. The perspective discusses possible roles such as supporting co-dependent species or replacing a lost ecological role; those are potential benefits, not evidence that a particular translocation will succeed. The 2013 perspective sets out the framework and associated risks.
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Use a decision framework before choosing a priority
Managers can make the choice transparent by documenting the following questions.
1. Define the objective in measurable terms
- Prevent extinction or recover a particular native species?
- Retain a native community or genetic lineage?
- Maintain a process, service or resilience attribute?
- Restore a function lost through extinction?
- Pursue several outcomes, with an explicit order of importance?
“Improve biodiversity” is too broad to guide a difficult intervention. State what success would look like, over what period and for whom.
2. Map the ecological relationships
Identify the species, traits, interactions and abiotic conditions involved. Examine whether the target species is dominant, a keystone, an ecological engineer, a specialist partner or one member of a redundant functional group. Do not use abundance as the sole measure of importance.
3. Specify the recipient-site benefit
For a proposed movement, name the process or conservation need at the recipient site: for example, a particular interaction, habitat-formation role or resilience property. Describe the causal pathway from release to expected outcome and define indicators that could show whether it is occurring.
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4. Compare alternatives, including doing less
Evaluate habitat protection, reducing pressures, assisted natural regeneration, captive or ex situ measures, reintroduction within the historical range and no intervention. A translocation should not be treated as the default simply because climate change makes the future uncertain.
5. Assess harm, reversibility and uncertainty
- Could the organism become invasive or compete with native species?
- Could it carry pathogens or hybridize with related populations?
- Could it change fire, grazing, hydrology, nutrient cycling or food-web relationships?
- How quickly would harm appear, and could the population be removed?
- What evidence is transferable from ecologically similar sites?
There is no universal numerical risk threshold in the cited guidance. The decision should record uncertainty and explain why expected benefits justify the remaining risk.
6. Set monitoring and response rules before release
Monitoring should cover both the target outcome and unwanted effects. Predefine triggers for containment, additional intervention, suspension or removal. A project that cannot detect harm or act on it is not genuinely adaptive.
7. Confirm authority and jurisdiction
Permits, biosecurity rules, animal-welfare requirements, protected-area restrictions and consultation duties vary by country and locality. Legal approval in one jurisdiction does not establish that a comparable movement is lawful elsewhere.
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What UK translocation guidance recommends
UK government guidance defines a conservation translocation as the deliberate movement and release of organisms where the primary objective is conservation benefit. It distinguishes assisted colonisation from ecological replacement:
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| Approach | Where the organism is moved | Primary purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Assisted colonisation | Outside its natural range, toward suitable current or future conditions | Help the moved organism persist under changing conditions |
| Ecological replacement | Outside its natural range | Perform an ecological function lost through another organism’s extinction |
The guidance advises identifying a conservation need, setting goals, maximizing biodiversity benefit and minimizing harm. It recommends considering source organisms from ecologically similar areas where possible. These are UK recommendations; they do not replace the requirements of the jurisdiction where a project is proposed. The full planning guidance is at GOV.UK’s conservation-translocation guidance.
A practical workflow for a conservation team
- Write a one-sentence objective. Include the species, process or resilience outcome, site and time horizon.
- Build a baseline. Record current species status, habitat condition, ecological processes, pressures and relevant climate projections.
- Draw the causal model. Show how each proposed action is expected to affect the target outcome and which assumptions are uncertain.
- Screen alternatives. Compare protection, restoration, natural movement, within-range reintroduction and assisted movement against the same objectives.
- Complete a risk assessment. Address invasion, disease, hybridization, competition, food-web changes and effects on people, along with the ability to reverse the action.
- Consult the governing authorities and affected communities. Confirm permits, biosecurity controls, rights, responsibilities and monitoring access before implementation.
- Run a staged intervention where feasible. Start with the smallest informative release or pilot that can test assumptions without creating unacceptable exposure.
- Monitor outcomes and side effects. Publish indicators, sampling frequency, thresholds and decision points rather than reporting only whether the moved organism survived.
- Adapt or stop. Use the pre-agreed triggers to modify management, contain the organism or end the project when evidence shows that harm outweighs benefit.
Common reasoning errors
“Native” automatically means beneficial
Native status is important for evolutionary history, legal protection and biodiversity, but a native species can decline because its former role is no longer viable under changed conditions. Protecting it still may be the objective, while maintaining a process requires a separate analysis.
“Function” can be replaced one-for-one
Ecological functions are networks of interactions, not interchangeable components. Two organisms may both disperse seeds yet differ in timing, distance, habitat use or effects on other species. A replacement that performs one measured task may alter several unmeasured relationships.
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A translocated population can survive while failing to reproduce, spread disease or displace native organisms. Success criteria must include recipient-site biodiversity and process indicators, not only establishment of the moved species.
Historical range is treated as a permanent boundary
Climate and habitat conditions are changing, so historical records may not describe future suitability. That does not remove the need for risk assessment; it means the assessment should include current and projected conditions.
A global principle is mistaken for a local permit
The Convention on Biological Diversity provides an ecosystem-oriented framework, and national agencies set operational rules. Neither should be read as automatic authorization for a particular release.
How to state the final priority
A defensible conservation plan should be able to say: “Our primary objective is X at site Y by date Z. We will measure indicators A, B and C. We considered alternatives D and E. The principal risks are F and G, and we will respond through actions H and I if thresholds are crossed.”
Sometimes that statement will prioritize a native species because its persistence, relationships or cultural value is the intended outcome. Sometimes it will prioritize an ecosystem process because resilience or a lost function is the urgent concern. Often the strongest plan gives both objectives explicit weight, identifies where they conflict and chooses the option with the greatest expected biodiversity benefit and the least irreversible harm.
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