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Choose availability zones (AZs) when you need protection from a localized failure without adding much replication latency. Choose multiple regions when you must survive a regional outage, keep a physically separate recovery site, serve users in different geographies, or meet a location requirement that one region cannot satisfy. In Scaleway, a region is the larger geographic and network domain, while an AZ is an isolated location inside that region. Paris is identified as fr-par; its zones include fr-par-1, fr-par-2, and fr-par-3.
The practical design is often layered: run production across at least two AZs in the primary region, then replicate backups or selected services to a second region when regional-disaster recovery, sovereignty separation, or geographically distributed users justify the added operational complexity. Product support, replication behavior, and service-level agreements are specific to each Scaleway service, so verify those details before committing to a topology.
Region and availability zone: the scopes you are choosing
A region is a geographic area such as Paris (fr-par), Amsterdam (nl-ams), Warsaw, or Milan. A region contains one or more availability zones. An AZ is an isolated physical location within that region, such as fr-par-1. The isolation is intended to limit the blast radius of power, cooling, network, and hardware incidents.
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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware matchScaleway describes AZs in the same region as having a common network layer, which generally makes communication between them lower latency than communication between regions. That does not make an AZ failure equivalent to a server failure: an outage affecting a zone can remove many instances or managed-service replicas at once. Conversely, a regional incident can affect every AZ in that region and the regional control-plane or network services that connect them.
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| Scope | Example | Typical failure domain | Best use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Availability zone | fr-par-1 |
One isolated location or group of data centers | Spread replicas and front ends to tolerate a localized incident |
| Region | fr-par |
All zones and regional dependencies in one geographic area | Keep a workload near users and within a legal geography |
| Multiple regions | fr-par plus another supported region |
Separate geographic and network domains | Regional disaster recovery, sovereignty separation, or globally distributed users |
The labels are not interchangeable. fr-par-1 means one zone; fr-par means the Paris region as a whole. A regional endpoint, a zonal endpoint, and a global API endpoint can therefore have different scope and failure behavior.
How the choice changes latency
Same-region AZ traffic
Replication between AZs in one region is usually the lower-latency way to distribute a stateful service. Scaleway’s engineering guidance published on 20 April 2021 describes an AZ as one or more data centers in an area of about 5 km, with a maximum internal latency of 1.4 ms, and says AZs in the same region are at least 50 km apart. Treat those figures as historical design guidance, not as a universal performance guarantee for every product, protocol, payload size, or time of day.
For synchronous database replication, the extra round trip between zones can still affect commit latency. Measure the actual write path and quorum behavior of the database or storage product you use. A low network RTT does not guarantee low application latency if encryption, serialization, disk flushes, or queueing dominate the transaction.
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Traffic between Paris and Amsterdam, Warsaw, Milan, or another region travels a longer physical and network path. The cited Scaleway material does not publish one fixed latency number for those pairs. Distance, routing, congestion, and the selected service all matter. Use cross-region links for asynchronous replication, backup copies, or carefully designed active-active systems unless your measured workload proves that synchronous operation meets its latency budget.
User-to-workload latency
Place the primary region near the largest user population and the systems that exchange the most data with your application. If users are split across continents, a second region can reduce their network distance, but it introduces traffic steering, consistency, and failover decisions. A multi-AZ deployment in one region improves service resilience; it does not automatically make a user in another continent experience the latency of a nearby region.
Measure instead of inferring
Before setting an SLO, test the exact regions, AZs, protocols, and payloads you will use. Run repeated synthetic requests from representative locations, record median and tail latency, and test both healthy and degraded paths. Include DNS resolution, TLS setup, connection reuse, database commits, and object-storage operations where those are part of the user request. Do not infer Paris-to-Amsterdam performance from the 1.4 ms intra-AZ guidance.
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How regions and AZs change uptime and failure tolerance
What multi-AZ protects against
Deploying redundant instances, load balancers, and data replicas in at least two AZs reduces dependence on one physical location. It is the normal pattern when you need protection from localized power, network, cooling, or hardware failures while retaining low-latency east-west communication. Automatic failover only works if the application, health checks, quorum rules, and data layer are all designed for a zone to disappear.
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Do not count two instances in one AZ as multi-AZ resilience. They may share the same physical fault domain. Likewise, a managed service that advertises regional availability may place replicas according to its own policy; confirm the service’s documented placement and failover behavior rather than assuming that your client-side labels control it.
What multi-region adds
A second region addresses a broader failure domain: a regional network event, a large power incident, a control-plane problem, or a recovery requirement that demands physical separation. It also supports geographically distributed users and can create a separate location for backups. The trade-off is higher replication latency, more complex routing, duplicated capacity, and a larger set of failure modes to test.
Business-critical services commonly combine both layers: multi-AZ inside each region, cross-region replication for selected data, and DNS or application-level failover. The recovery point objective (RPO) and recovery time objective (RTO) determine whether asynchronous backups are sufficient or whether you need a continuously replicated standby.
Read the SLA for the exact service
Scaleway publishes service-specific commitments rather than one universal regional or AZ guarantee. The Instance SLA lists 99% monthly availability for covered shared Instances and 99.5% for covered dedicated, specialized, and GPU Instances; exclusions and claim conditions apply. The Object Storage SLA lists 99.9% for Standard Multi-AZ storage and 99.0% for One-zone IA and Glacier. These figures apply only to the stated products and configurations, not to every Scaleway service or to an entire architecture.
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| Published commitment | Scope | Qualification |
|---|---|---|
| 99% monthly availability | Covered shared Instances | Subject to the Instance SLA’s exclusions and claim process |
| 99.5% monthly availability | Covered dedicated, specialized, and GPU Instances | Service-specific; verify eligibility and exclusions |
| 99.9% monthly availability | Standard Multi-AZ Object Storage | Applies to that storage class, not all storage tiers |
| 99.0% monthly availability | One-zone IA and Glacier Object Storage | Lower commitment reflects the stated storage configuration |
An SLA is not the same as an end-to-end application SLO. Your design can still fail because of an incorrect deployment, exhausted quotas, an unavailable dependency, or a bad failover procedure.
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Data residency, sovereignty, and transfers
Start with the required legal geography
Choose a region that satisfies your contractual, regulatory, and customer-location requirements before optimizing for distance. If data must remain in France, selecting a French region is the first boundary; spreading replicas to a non-French region could violate the requirement even if the primary database remains in France.
Confirm where each product copies data
Region and AZ labels do not by themselves reveal every copy of your data. Check whether the service stores replicas, snapshots, logs, support bundles, telemetry, or backups in the selected AZ, across the region, or in another location. Scaleway’s availability matrix shows that compute, storage, database, and networking products differ: some are regional, some are zone-specific, and some are unavailable or only planned in particular locations.
The data-processing terms state that, when a service is offered in multiple regions or AZs, the client selects the location during ordering and that transfers of GDPR-covered data outside the European Union are addressed in the contractual documentation. That selection does not replace a review of subprocessors, support access, backup behavior, encryption-key location, and customer-controlled transfers.
Separate residency from sovereignty
Keeping workloads in European regions can support a European and GDPR-oriented operating model, but a marketing description is not a complete sovereignty analysis. Document who can access data, from which jurisdictions support may be delivered, how compelled-access requests are handled, and whether your own monitoring or analytics export data elsewhere. For regulated workloads, obtain the current contractual and security documents and map each data flow before deployment.
Product availability and API scope can limit the design
A region may have several AZs while a particular managed database, load balancer, or storage tier supports only one of them. Conversely, a service may be regional even though your compute instances are zonal. Use Scaleway’s live Product Availability by region matrix for the exact product, edition, and location before choosing a topology.
- Regional services: the control plane or data plane is associated with a region and may not let you select an individual AZ.
- Zonal services: resources are created in one AZ, so resilience requires deploying separate resources in multiple zones.
- Global services: the endpoint may not be tied to one region, but the resources it manages still have location-specific behavior.
Scaleway APIs can therefore be zoned, regional, or global. A zoned or regional call is scoped by the location in its endpoint. Record the endpoint scope in automation, and make sure infrastructure-as-code variables distinguish a region such as fr-par from a zone such as fr-par-1.
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A practical decision framework
- Identify users and legal boundaries. Map the dominant user locations, contractual promises, and laws that constrain storage or processing.
- Select a candidate primary region. Prefer the closest supported region that satisfies those boundaries and the product features you need.
- Check product support. Confirm AZ count, regional availability, replica placement, backup location, and any edition-specific restrictions in the current availability matrix.
- Spread production across AZs. Place stateless capacity, ingress, and data replicas in at least two AZs when localized-failure tolerance or a high availability target matters.
- Define the regional failure case. Decide whether the service must continue during a complete regional outage. If yes, design a second region with an explicit RPO, RTO, and traffic-steering method.
- Choose replication mode. Use synchronous replication only when measured latency and consistency requirements permit it; otherwise use asynchronous replication, frequent backups, or a warm standby.
- Measure the real paths. Test user-to-region, AZ-to-AZ, and region-to-region latency, throughput, packet loss, and tail behavior with representative workloads.
- Read the exact SLA. Record availability percentage, exclusions, maintenance terms, monitoring method, and compensation procedure for every covered service.
- Exercise failover. Regularly simulate an AZ loss and a regional loss, then verify data integrity, DNS or routing changes, application recovery, and operator runbooks.
Architecture patterns and when to use them
Single AZ
This is the simplest and often the least expensive operational pattern, but one localized incident can remove the entire workload. It is appropriate for development, disposable jobs, or systems whose recovery process accepts an outage and data loss within a defined limit. It is not a sound default for a production service with a strict uptime target.
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Run independent application capacity in two or more AZs, distribute traffic across them, and place database or storage replicas according to the product’s documented model. This pattern protects against a zone-level incident while keeping replication within one region. It is usually the first production step when the dominant risk is localized infrastructure failure.
Multi-region active-passive
Operate one primary region and maintain a scaled-down standby elsewhere. Replicate backups or data asynchronously, test promotion, and switch traffic through a documented DNS or application control. Active-passive is easier to reason about than active-active, but the standby must be maintained, monitored, and regularly restored in drills.
Multi-region active-active
Serve users from more than one region and route them to the closest healthy site. This can reduce user latency and improve regional availability, but it requires conflict handling, global identity and session design, consistent deployments, and a clear policy for writes during partition or failover. Do not select it solely because two regions are available.
Implementation and validation checklist
- List every stateful component and the AZ or region in which each copy resides.
- Verify that load balancers, private networks, DNS, observability, and secrets management support the same failure scenario as the application.
- Confirm backup and snapshot destinations independently of live-replica placement.
- Set alerts for replica lag, quorum loss, cross-region transfer failure, and capacity exhaustion.
- Document how operators identify an AZ outage versus an application fault.
- Test restoration into an empty AZ or secondary region, not only failover between already-running nodes.
- Measure recovery time from the moment traffic is redirected until users can complete representative transactions.
- Review residency after every architecture change, including logging, support exports, and disaster-recovery copies.
Common mistakes and how to correct them
Confusing an AZ name with a region
Symptom: deployment variables contain fr-par-1 where a regional API expects fr-par, or all supposedly redundant resources end up in one zone. Correction: model region and AZ as separate fields, validate them in deployment pipelines, and inspect the resulting resource placement.
Assuming multi-AZ means multi-region
Symptom: a regional outage removes every replica despite healthy zone-level redundancy. Correction: define the regional failure domain explicitly and maintain a second-region recovery path if that event is in scope.
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Using the 1.4 ms figure as an SLO
Symptom: an application promises a fixed replication latency that real workloads miss. Correction: treat the 2021 figure as design guidance, then measure your protocol, payload, and service under normal and degraded conditions.
Ignoring service-specific placement
Symptom: compute spans zones but a database or storage tier does not. Correction: check the product availability and replication documentation for the exact edition and region before finalizing the architecture.
Assuming an EU region answers every sovereignty question
Symptom: backups, support data, or monitoring leave the required jurisdiction. Correction: map all data flows, review contractual terms and subprocessors, and restrict customer-controlled exports.
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| Decision axis | Same-region multi-AZ | Multiple regions |
|---|---|---|
| User-to-workload latency | Good when users are concentrated near one region | Can reduce distance for geographically distributed users |
| Replica latency | Generally lower; same-region network layer | Higher and variable; measure the actual path |
| Failure-domain size | Protects against a localized AZ incident | Protects against regional and broader geographic incidents |
| Residency boundary | Can keep copies within one region, subject to product behavior | May cross legal boundaries; verify every replica and backup |
| Product availability | Depends on AZ support for each service | Depends on support in both selected regions |
| Operational complexity | Moderate: placement, quorum, and zone failover | High: replication, routing, promotion, and consistency |
| Disaster-recovery distance | Limited to one region | Physically and network-wise separated recovery option |
Example choices
French customer portal with a 99.9% target
Choose a supported French region, run web and application capacity in at least two Paris AZs, and use a data service whose replica placement is documented across those zones. Add a second region only if the business requires recovery from a Paris-wide incident or a separate geographic copy. Validate the exact SLA rather than treating the application target as guaranteed by the infrastructure.
European SaaS with users in several countries
Start with measured latency from the largest user groups to candidate regions. A primary region can host the authoritative data while a second region serves cached or read-heavy traffic. If writes are accepted in both regions, design conflict resolution and partition behavior before enabling active-active operation.
Regulated workload that must remain in France
Keep production, replicas, backups, logs, and support exports within the approved French boundary only if the selected products document that behavior. A multi-AZ design inside the French region may satisfy localized-failure requirements without introducing a second-country copy. Recheck the boundary whenever a service changes its replication or backup options.
What to record in the architecture decision
Document the selected region and AZs, the reason for each failure domain, measured latency and tail values, product-specific placement, RPO and RTO, failover owner, SLA scope, and residency assumptions. Include the date of the availability-matrix and contractual review. This record prevents a later operator from mistaking a zone label for a region, or from adding a “backup” in a location that violates the original data requirement.
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