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To rotate a service account credential safely, inventory every workload that uses it, create a replacement, update and verify each consumer, then disable and eventually delete the old credential. To limit damage if a credential leaks, first reduce what its identity can access and who can impersonate it—and use workload identity or temporary credentials instead of a persistent key wherever your provider and workload support them.
Start by finding the credential’s full footprint
A credential’s blast radius is the set of actions and resources reachable through the identity using it, combined with the people or systems able to use or impersonate that identity. A leaked key can provide an attacker a foothold and may enable privilege escalation. Service-account key use can also be difficult to attribute to a specific person from logs.
Build an inventory before changing anything. Search source control, CI/CD pipelines, deployment configuration, runtime environments, secret stores, backups, and operational scripts. For each credential, record:
- Credential type, key identifier, owning identity, creation date, and available last-use information.
- Every workload and environment that consumes it, including infrequent jobs and external integrations.
- Permissions of the identity, the resources those permissions reach, and identities or systems allowed to create, upload, or impersonate credentials.
- Where copies are stored or distributed, who owns each consumer, and who is responsible for the rotation.
Google Cloud recommends identifying keys due for rotation and points to Cloud Asset Inventory, key-use metrics, and service-account insights as ways to help find keys and assess use or inactivity. The scope of some metrics depends on project-level setup, so do not treat an absence of observed use as proof that no consumer still depends on a key.
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Choose whether to eliminate the standing key or rotate it
Rotation is a fallback control for credentials that still need to exist. If the workload can use a provider-supported identity mechanism, eliminating the persistent private key removes the need to distribute and rotate that key.
| Approach | Credential behavior | When it fits |
|---|---|---|
| Google Cloud attached service account or Workload Identity Federation | Federation can exchange an external workload’s existing identity-provider credential for short-lived Google credentials. | Google Cloud workloads that can use an attached identity, or external workloads supported by federation. |
| AWS IAM role and temporary credentials | Temporary credentials replace the need for long-term IAM access keys where feasible. | Workloads that can obtain and use role credentials rather than retaining a long-term access key. |
| Persistent credential with managed rotation | A long-lived secret remains and must be replaced, distributed, and validated. | Residual secrets that cannot yet be removed or replaced; use a provider-appropriate rotation mechanism. |
Do not assume that putting a Google service-account key in a secrets manager is an automatic fix. Google advises against storing and rotating its service-account keys in Secret Manager: if a workload can access the manager using a recognized cloud identity, it may be able to use that identity directly instead. AWS separately recommends purpose-built secret storage and automated rotation for long-lived secrets that cannot be eliminated. The right design depends on the credential type and provider.
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Reduce privilege before the next credential change
Review both sides of access: what the service account can do, and who can act as that account. Grant permissions at the narrowest suitable resource scope, remove unused roles, and limit external identities allowed to impersonate the account. Google warns that project-level Service Account Token Creator access can permit impersonation of every service account in that project; broad project scope can therefore turn one grant into a much wider exposure.
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- Enable audit logging for impersonation and token requests in the relevant IAM and Security Token Service APIs, as applicable to the Google Cloud setup.
- Review attribution limits as well as permissions: a key may make it difficult to determine which person or process used it.
Rotate in stages and verify every consumer
Google’s documented managed-key sequence is to identify keys, create replacement keys for the same service accounts, replace the old key in all applications, disable the replaced key and monitor applications, then delete it after the applications work as expected. Treat the change as a tracked rollout, not a single secret-store edit.
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- Prepare the replacement. Create a new credential for the same intended identity, and record which key identifier is replacing which. Confirm that permissions and scope remain appropriate rather than copying an overbroad setup without review.
- Update each consumer. Change the credential in every inventoried workload and distribution path. Track completion by consumer, environment, and owner.
- Validate actual use. For each consumer, verify authentication and the actions it needs to perform. Check relevant audit events and workload error rates; a successful deployment alone does not establish that dormant jobs or occasional integrations have been updated.
- Disable the old credential. Once the consumers have been updated and validated, disable the replaced credential and watch for failed authentication or unexpected attempts.
- Delete after confirmation. When monitoring supports that the replacement is working and no consumer still needs the old credential, delete it. Keep the rollback decision tied to the old credential’s state and your recovery procedure.
The sequence depends on the provider and credential class. Use the provider’s exact commands, revocation behavior, logging locations, and recovery steps; do not assume that all credential types support the same overlap period or rollback path.
If compromise is suspected, treat it as an incident
Google Cloud recommends rotating a service-account key immediately if compromise is suspected. Do not wait for the routine rotation date. Disable or revoke the exposed credential using the provider’s procedure, replace it where needed to restore legitimate workloads, and investigate unexpected use.
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- Preserve relevant audit records and available key-use evidence before it ages out.
- Review which resources and actions the identity could reach, and inspect those resources for unexpected changes or access.
- Check how the credential was exposed and whether other copies or credentials may be affected.
- Remove unnecessary permissions and impersonation grants uncovered during the investigation.
A key’s replacement does not by itself establish whether an attacker used it or whether downstream resources were affected. AWS Well-Architected guidance also advises periodic auditing for unauthorized identities and unexpected activity.
Use provider-specific cadence, not a universal 90-day rule
Google Cloud’s current service-account key guidance recommends rotating keys at least every 90 days, and recommends immediate rotation when compromise is suspected. AWS Well-Architected guidance recommends regular rotation of long-term IAM access keys, with a maximum interval of 90 days when temporary credentials cannot be used. These are provider recommendations for the credential types named—not a universal schedule for every service-account credential, workload identity, or third-party API token.
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Google cautions that expiry-based service-account keys can cause workload outages if rotation is missed and does not recommend expiry-based rotation for production workloads. Do not configure automatic expiration as a substitute for a tested replacement, overlap, monitoring, and recovery process. AWS’s support for automated rotation applies to unavoidable long-lived secrets when the secret type and mechanism are suitable.
Judge the design by exposure and recovery, not just rotation frequency
When choosing between a persistent key and an identity-based alternative, assess whether a private key remains, how credentials are renewed and how long they live, which identities and resources are in scope, whether use is attributable in audit logs, how many consumers and secret copies must change, and how outage recovery works. A shorter rotation interval cannot compensate for excessive permissions, broad impersonation access, or an untested rollout.
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