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Provider fallback works reliably only when the system first agrees on what failed. A shared failure taxonomy gives retries, fallback routing, and circuit breakers a consistent interpretation of the same error—without requiring them to take the same action.
Why classify the failure before choosing what to do?
A timeout, a rejected credential, and a provider-side server error are not interchangeable. If each middleware layer interprets raw exceptions independently, one may retry an error that cannot recover, another may miss a provider fault that merits fallback, and the circuit breaker may measure something different from the router.
TYPO3 LLM Extension’s ADR-095, dated 2026-07-20, describes this kind of drift among retry, fallback, and circuit-breaker call sites. In that project, a 5xx error was neither retried nor counted by the breaker. The example shows why consistent classification matters; it does not establish that every 5xx from every API should always trigger cross-provider fallback. TYPO3 LLM Extension ADR-095.
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What should a provider failure taxonomy include?
ADR-095 uses these internal categories: connection, rateLimit, auth, configuration, clientError, serverError, circuitOpen, and unknown. That is a useful starting vocabulary, not a universal standard. A taxonomy should preserve enough evidence to make decisions and support diagnosis, rather than forcing every provider response into a status-code-only bucket.
A normalized internal record might carry the provider and operation, HTTP status when available, structured provider error code or type, transport or timeout evidence, retry metadata, and safe request context. Keep the raw status and provider error details available for troubleshooting. In the TYPO3 example, a 429 is retained in context while being mapped to a quota-specific exception. ADR-095.
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When should I retry, fail over, open a circuit, or return an error?
The response depends on the failure evidence, whether repeating the operation is safe, and whether another target can serve the same request. The table is a decision aid, not a universal policy: provider behavior and system requirements can change what is appropriate.
| Failure evidence | Typical interpretation | Possible response |
|---|---|---|
| Connection failure or timeout | Potentially transient; the request may or may not have reached the provider. | Consider a bounded retry with delay. Try another provider only if the operation’s semantics and request compatibility allow it. Azure transient-fault guidance; AWS circuit-breaker guidance. |
| HTTP 429 or explicit quota signal | Throttling or quota constraint, not necessarily a general outage. | Respect Retry-After or reset timing when supplied. Consider alternate capacity only if its quota, request compatibility, and routing rules permit it. Azure transient-fault guidance; Salesforce reliability guidance. |
| HTTP 5xx or explicit provider overload | Often a candidate for transient provider-side failure, subject to the provider’s meaning. | Consider bounded retry and circuit accounting; cross-provider fallback may be appropriate when the alternate can accept the request. ADR-095 treats serverError as retryable and circuit-tripping in that project, not as a rule for all APIs. ADR-095; Azure guidance. |
| Authentication, configuration, or ordinary client error | Often a persistent credentials, setup, or request problem. | Usually fail fast with actionable diagnostics; do not treat caller-side mistakes as evidence that a provider is unhealthy. Check structured provider error details before deciding. ADR-095; Salesforce guidance. |
| Circuit already open | The breaker has already marked the dependency unhealthy. | Skip the upstream call or follow configured fallback. Do not count the local open-circuit result as another upstream failure. ADR-095; AWS guidance. |
| Unrecognized or contradictory evidence | The cause is not established. | Preserve an unknown classification, record context, and apply an explicit conservative policy rather than silently treating every unfamiliar error as transient. ADR-095; Bifrost retries and fallbacks documentation. |
When should I fall back to another API provider?
Fallback is a routing decision: can another eligible target serve this request meaningfully? A retry, by contrast, usually repeats the operation against the same target. One gateway’s documentation describes retries and fallback as distinct layers. Bifrost retries and fallbacks documentation (development-branch documentation; behavior may change).
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Before routing elsewhere, make the eligibility rules explicit:
- Failure meaning: A provider-side fault may justify fallback; invalid input or local configuration usually does not.
- Request compatibility: The alternate must support the requested model or operation, parameters, and output expectations.
- Quota and credentials: A second provider may have different access, capacity, or rate limits; it is not automatically a remedy for a quota failure.
- Operation safety: A timeout does not prove the provider failed before processing the request. Consider whether repeating the operation could duplicate effects.
- Degraded behavior: Decide whether an alternate result is safe and useful, or whether returning a clear error is preferable.
Provider-specific structured errors matter because semantically similar problems—such as invalid credentials, exhausted quota, unavailable models, or retired models—may be represented differently across providers. Bifrost documents such differences; OpenClaw’s failover documentation separately identifies cases such as authentication, rate limits, overload, timeout-shaped failures, billing disables, and model-not-found. These are implementation examples, not a shared industry-wide policy. Bifrost; OpenClaw model failover.
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Should I retry a 429 or switch providers?
Neither action follows automatically from the status code. If the response includes a retry delay or reset time, respect it when deciding whether another attempt is sensible. Switching providers may help only if the alternate has available quota and supports the request. A 429 can indicate a provider-specific limit rather than broad provider unavailability, so avoid treating it as a general health signal without more evidence. Azure and Salesforce guidance discuss transient-fault handling and bounded retry behavior, while provider-specific semantics remain important. Azure transient-fault guidance; Salesforce reliability guidance.
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Usually not merely because of the status code. A 401 may indicate bad credentials, while a 400 may reflect invalid input; neither necessarily means the provider is unhealthy. In ADR-095, authentication, configuration, and client errors are treated as caller-side problems that neither retry nor trip the breaker. Other APIs can encode errors differently, so inspect structured error types and context before applying that interpretation. ADR-095; Bifrost error semantics.
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How do retries and circuit breakers fit together?
Retries ask whether an operation should be attempted again. Circuit breakers ask whether calls to a dependency should be stopped after persistent failure, with recovery behavior such as a later probe determined by the implementation. A retry policy can be bounded and still contribute to a breaker’s health signal, but the taxonomy must make clear which upstream failures count. An already-open circuit is different: it is a local routing decision, not a fresh failure from the provider.
Thresholds, time windows, state transitions, and recovery probes are implementation-specific. Immediate opening may react quickly but can overreact to brief spikes; a threshold or window can tolerate isolated errors but may continue sending traffic to an unhealthy target. AWS describes circuit breakers as protection against repeated calls and cascading effects. VIDAI documents provider/model-scoped health and fallback chains as one implementation. Neither establishes universal threshold values. AWS Prescriptive Guidance; VIDAI fallback documentation.
How do you keep retries from making an outage worse?
Retries add work precisely when a dependency may be struggling. Use backoff, cap attempts, and consider a shared retry budget so many concurrent requests cannot amplify load without limit. Azure recommends retry budgets in addition to per-operation handling; its guidance and Salesforce’s reliability material also discuss transient-fault approaches. Choose limits and delays for your workload rather than copying a universal number. Azure transient-fault guidance; Azure Well-Architected recommendations; Salesforce reliability guidance.
Make retry safety explicit for each operation. A timeout can occur after the provider has begun processing, so a repeated request may not be equivalent to the first attempt. The correct choice depends on request semantics and any idempotency guarantees available in the integration.
Quick Recap
How to implement a taxonomy without policy drift
- Normalize evidence at the provider boundary. Convert exceptions and responses into a stable internal record while retaining raw status and structured error context.
- Use one classifier. Have retry, fallback, and breaker code consume the same classification rather than maintaining separate ladders of status checks.
- Keep actions separately configurable. A
rateLimitclass can have one same-provider retry rule, another fallback rule, and a distinct breaker rule. Document why each action is allowed. - Instrument decisions. Record why a target was retried, skipped, failed over, or marked circuit-open, using structured telemetry that avoids sensitive request content. AWS guidance recommends identifying calls affected by an open circuit. AWS circuit-breaker guidance.
- Test classification and integration separately. Unit-test provider mappings and unknown cases, then test how middleware applies retry, fallback, and breaker policy. ADR-095 describes a pure, directly tested classifier and middleware tests for its changed behavior. ADR-095.
- Exercise streaming interruptions. A dropped stream can leave partial output, and a retry or provider switch may not be equivalent to starting a fresh request. VIDAI notes this issue; define how the client detects and handles partial streams. VIDAI fallback documentation.
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