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Physicists created a black-hole analogue in an ultracold atomic gas—not a real object with a black hole’s gravity. In the experiment, sound-like waves could not travel upstream once the condensate’s flow became faster than sound. That boundary is the analogue of an event horizon, and it is what “swallowed sound” means.
What did the physicists build?
The experiment used a Bose–Einstein condensate, an ultracold state of matter that behaves like a fluid. The 2019 setup used rubidium-87 atoms; a 2019 Nature News & Views commentary describes the condensate as containing 8,000 atoms (source).
This was an analogue black hole: researchers recreated a feature of black-hole physics in a laboratory system. The condensate did not acquire the mass or gravitational field of an astronomical black hole, and it did not capture light or matter through gravity.
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How can a black hole swallow sound?
The sonic horizon
In the condensate, sound travels as disturbances through the fluid. The boundary where the fluid’s speed reaches the local speed of sound acts like an event horizon for those disturbances. The Steinhauer Atomic Physics Laboratory at Technion puts it this way: “The point where the condensate flowed at the speed of sound was analogous to the event horizon.” (Technion)
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Why sound cannot escape upstream
On the faster-flowing side of that boundary, sound-like waves cannot move upstream against the condensate’s flow. They are carried along with it instead. So “swallowed” describes what happens to sound-like excitations relative to the moving fluid—not the gravitational capture of sound by a real black hole.
What did the experiment report?
The 2019 result
In a 2019 Nature paper, Juan Ramón Muñoz de Nova, Katrine Golubkov, Victor I. Kolobov and Jeff Steinhauer reported observing thermal Hawking radiation and measuring its temperature in the analogue system (2019 paper). The result concerns Hawking-like radiation in the condensate; it is not a detection of radiation from an astronomical black hole.
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The 2021 follow-up
A 2021 follow-up reported observations of the analogue’s spontaneous Hawking radiation at six different times and described the results as confirming that the radiation was stationary—that is, consistent over time (2021 paper).
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How does this relate to the 2014 experiment?
An earlier experiment reported a different phenomenon. In 2014, Jeff Steinhauer described an analogue black-hole laser setup with both an outer black-hole horizon and an inner horizon, where Hawking radiation was self-amplifying (2014 paper). The 2019 paper instead reported thermal radiation and a temperature. These are distinct experiments addressing different properties; the 2014 result should not be treated as the same finding as the later thermal-radiation report.
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What this result does—and does not—show
- It demonstrates how a laboratory fluid system can reproduce an important horizon-like feature: a boundary beyond which sound cannot travel back against the flow.
- It reports Hawking-like radiation in an analogue system, not Hawking radiation measured from an actual black hole.
- It does not mean a black hole was made in the gravitational or astronomical sense.
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