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Use delegated access when an AI agent is acting for a signed-in person; use an app-only bot identity only for genuinely unattended or application-owned work. Delegated OAuth preserves the user context so the downstream API can apply that person’s permissions and the audit trail can identify who initiated the action. A shared bot token represents the application, so it needs tighter app permissions, explicit attribution, and stronger controls against excessive reach.
Neither choice is a complete security architecture. For both, restrict privileges and token audience, validate tokens at every resource server, protect refresh tokens and signing keys, and define what happens when consent, credentials, or the user’s account changes. Token exchange can create a credential for a narrower downstream context, but it does not decide which subjects, actors, or services are trusted.
What delegated access and shared bot tokens actually represent
Delegated access: the agent acts in a user context
With delegated OAuth, a person signs in and authorizes a client application. The access token carries permission granted through that user’s relationship with the application. A downstream API can then evaluate both the requested scope and the user’s own rights to a mailbox, file, ticket, customer record, or other resource. Microsoft recommends this model for user-owned data when it is available. See Microsoft’s access-pattern guidance.
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The agent is still an application: the user context does not make every model decision trustworthy, and it does not override API policy. It does, however, give the resource server a principal it can authorize, revoke, and record. A multi-service design can preserve that context through an on-behalf-of chain, provided each hop validates the incoming token and deliberately requests only what the next service needs.
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App-only access: the application is the principal
An app-only token is issued without a signed-in user. The API sees a service or application principal and evaluates application permissions (often called app roles or application scopes, depending on the provider). This is appropriate for scheduled jobs, queue consumers, monitoring, synchronization, and other work that must continue when no user is present.
App-only access is not a shortcut around a user’s authorization. If a person asks an agent to read or change that person’s data, replacing the person’s permissions with a broadly privileged backend identity can let the agent reach records the person could not. Microsoft’s guidance is to grant the smallest application permission set required for the workload.
Why “shared bot token” is an architecture pattern, not a grant type
Teams often call a long-lived or centrally reused application credential a shared bot token. OAuth does not define a grant named “shared bot token.” The phrase can describe a client-credentials token, a token held by a gateway and reused by workers, or another service identity arrangement.
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Delegated access versus an app-only identity
| Decision axis | Delegated access | Shared app or bot identity |
|---|---|---|
| Principal seen by the API | User context plus the client or agent, depending on implementation | Application or service principal |
| Authorization boundary | The user’s permissions can be enforced downstream | Application permissions govern the workload; the app may reach data beyond one user unless separately constrained |
| Best fit | Interactive, user-requested work on user-owned resources | Scheduled or background automation with no active user |
| Attribution | Can preserve the requesting user through an on-behalf-of chain | Requires explicit run and user attribution in the application when human intent matters |
| Operational needs | Consent, token lifecycle, user revocation, and scope design | Service-identity lifecycle, secret or key protection, narrow app permissions, and audit controls |
| Failure impact | Depends on delegated scopes, audience, token lifetime, and provider enforcement | Depends on app permissions, credential exposure, audience, and blast radius |
These are design axes rather than a guarantee that every identity provider exposes identical claims or enforcement. Provider terminology and behavior differ; validate the token and permissions according to the API’s documentation. General token-security requirements are set out in RFC 9700, OAuth 2.0 Security Best Current Practice.
A practical decision framework
Choose delegated access when all of these are true
- A user is signed in or has just authorized the operation.
- The target data belongs to that user or is governed by the user’s organizational permissions.
- The downstream API should deny actions that the user could not perform directly.
- An audit reviewer needs to identify the requesting person, not merely the automation service.
Examples include an agent finding a user’s messages, updating a ticket in that user’s queue, or preparing a document in the user’s workspace. Request only the scopes needed for the current feature; do not ask for broad write access because a later feature might need it.
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Choose app-only access when the work is genuinely unattended
- The task runs on a schedule, consumes a queue, or responds to infrastructure events without an active user.
- The data and operation are owned by the application or an explicitly managed service process.
- The organization has approved application permissions for the exact resources and operations.
- A service-level audit trail, owner, and incident-response path exist.
Examples include indexing a company-owned repository overnight, processing an inbound event queue, or rotating application-owned records. If a user later initiates a specific action, carry that user’s identity separately or switch to delegated authorization rather than silently reusing the background identity.
Do not use an app identity merely to bypass a denial
A backend token that can read every mailbox or customer record is not an authorization fix for an agent that lacks permission to read one user’s data. Treat a denied delegated request as a policy result. Obtain the correct consent, change the user’s authorization through the organization’s normal process, or decline the operation.
Implementing delegated agent access
The exact names of consent screens, scopes, and claims vary by provider, but the control sequence is portable.
- Register a distinct client for the agent. Give the interactive agent its own identity instead of sharing credentials with unrelated jobs. Record the redirect URIs, allowed client types, and owners.
- Define a minimum scope set. Separate read, create, update, and delete capabilities. Prefer a resource-specific scope over a broad directory or full-account permission. Include only scopes required by the current user journey.
- Authenticate the user and obtain consent. Explain which resources the agent will access and which actions it can perform. If an administrator must approve the scopes, make that approval a documented organizational decision rather than an invisible backend setting.
- Validate the returned token at the resource boundary. Check issuer, signature, expiry, client or authorized-party information where applicable, scopes or roles, and the token’s audience. The API—not the language model—must enforce these checks.
- Keep the user context across service hops. When a broker calls a downstream service, use a supported on-behalf-of or token-exchange flow and pass only the resulting token intended for that service. Do not forward a front-end token to every internal API by default.
- Bind the model action to the approved request. Before a write or external side effect, verify that the requested operation, resource identifier, and user authorization still match. Human confirmation can be required for destructive or high-impact actions even when the token permits the call.
- Record attribution. Store a request ID, authenticated user identifier, client or agent identity, target resource, operation, consent or scope set, downstream service, and result. Protect logs from becoming a second copy of sensitive content.
- Handle expiry and revocation. Refresh only through the approved OAuth mechanism, discard expired access tokens, and respond to invalid-grant or revoked-consent errors by requiring a new sign-in or consent flow. Do not keep retrying a revoked credential.
Implementing an app-only bot identity safely
- Create a separate service principal for each trust boundary. A production data processor, development tool, and reporting job should not automatically share one identity. Separation limits the effect of a compromised credential.
- Map every permission to a concrete operation. Write down which API, resource collection, HTTP operation, and data class each application permission enables. Remove permissions that are not exercised.
- Constrain the resource set. Use provider controls such as resource-specific consent, application access policies, network boundaries, or separate service accounts when available. If the provider cannot limit an app role to the required records, treat that broad reach as a material risk.
- Prefer short-lived tokens and protected key material. Keep client secrets out of source code, prompts, logs, and container images. Use a managed secret or key store, rotate credentials, and restrict which workload can retrieve them. A private key used for client authentication needs the same protection as the token it obtains.
- Make the automation owner explicit. Assign a team, on-call contact, data owner, purpose, and expiry or review date. A bot without an accountable owner tends to accumulate permissions indefinitely.
- Attach initiating-user context when a human starts the run. Store the authenticated user and request ID in the job record and logs. If the downstream API supports delegated authorization, use it for user-owned operations instead of treating an app-only call as equivalent.
- Monitor use against the declared purpose. Alert on unusual resources, operation types, volume, geography, or calling service. Revoke the service identity when the job is retired; deleting a code path does not invalidate its credentials.
Token controls that apply to both models
Minimum privilege
RFC 9700 states: “The privileges associated with an access token SHOULD be restricted to the minimum required for the particular application or use case.” The recommendation applies to delegated and app-only tokens. Use separate tokens for unrelated APIs or privilege levels when practical, and request a new token for an elevated operation instead of giving every call the broadest scope.
Audience restriction
An access token should be intended for one resource server or a small, explicitly justified set. Resource servers should reject tokens whose audience does not identify them. Audience checks prevent a token minted for a file API from being replayed against an unrelated ticket or customer-data API. Do not assume that an agent will voluntarily send a token only to the correct endpoint; enforce the boundary in the receiving service.
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Bearer tokens can be replayed by anyone who obtains them. Where the client and API support it, sender-constrain the token with mutual TLS (mTLS) or Demonstration of Proof-of-Possession (DPoP). The caller must then prove possession of the associated key when using the token.
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Sender constraining reduces replay risk; it does not make theft harmless. An attacker who obtains both the token and its key material can still use the credential. Protect keys, prevent them from entering logs or model context, and define rotation and recovery procedures. RFC 9700 also requires public-client refresh tokens to be sender-constrained or rotated.
Lifetime, storage, and exposure
- Keep access-token lifetimes short enough to limit misuse, while allowing reliable completion of legitimate jobs.
- Store refresh tokens and client credentials in a protected server-side store; never place them in prompts, tool arguments, browser local storage for a public client, or ordinary application logs.
- Redact authorization headers, token responses, and error payloads before sending telemetry to an analytics system.
- Use separate environments and credentials. A test agent should not be able to call production APIs simply because both accept the same audience.
Where token exchange fits
RFC 8693 defines OAuth token exchange: a client presents a subject token and requests a token suitable for another resource or context. This is useful when an agent-facing service must call a downstream API without forwarding the original credential unchanged.
- Identify the subject. Decide whose authorization is being represented: the user, the calling service, or an application-owned process.
- Identify the actor. Record which service is performing the call. A user subject and an automation actor are not interchangeable.
- Request a target-specific token. Ask for the downstream audience and the narrow scope or role required for that one call chain.
- Validate the exchange policy. The authorization server or security-token service must decide which callers may exchange which tokens, for which audiences, and with which privilege reductions.
- Preserve audit links. Correlate the exchanged token with the original request, subject, actor, and downstream operation.
RFC 8693 distinguishes delegation from impersonation but intentionally leaves detailed trust models and token security profiles to each deployment. Token exchange therefore solves credential translation and audience narrowing; it does not by itself establish that a service is allowed to act for a user, nor does it guarantee least privilege. Define those rules in policy and test them at every exchange boundary.
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Delegation gives the resource server a user context only if the provider and your service chain preserve it. Record both the user subject and the client or agent that initiated the call. For an app-only job, create an equivalent audit record in your own system: job ID, service principal, initiating event or user (if any), policy decision, resources touched, operations performed, and timestamps.
Do not infer a human identity from a bot token’s client ID. If a queue message was created by a user, authenticate the producer and carry a tamper-resistant request reference into the worker. If a scheduled job has no human initiator, record that fact explicitly. Auditors should be able to distinguish user-requested work, policy-approved automation, retries, and operator interventions.
Common failure modes and fixes
The delegated call returns 403 even though the agent has a token
A valid token is not proof that the requested operation is allowed. Check whether the token contains the required scope, whether the user has access to the specific resource, whether administrator consent is needed, and whether the API applies additional conditional-access or ownership rules. Requesting a broader app-only role is not an appropriate fix for a user authorization failure.
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A downstream service accepts a token issued for another API
This indicates missing or incorrect audience validation. Configure the caller to obtain a token for the downstream resource and make the receiving service reject tokens with an unexpected issuer or audience. A gateway that merely forwards any bearer token can turn one service’s credential into a cross-service credential.
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Inventory the app roles and actual API calls, then remove unused permissions and apply resource-level restrictions where the provider supports them. Split the workload if one job currently combines unrelated duties. Test with a denied resource as well as an allowed one; a successful happy-path test does not prove least privilege.
A stolen bearer token is replayed
Revoke or rotate the affected credential, investigate the token’s audience and use, and reduce its lifetime. For supported clients and APIs, deploy mTLS or DPoP and protect the corresponding keys. Sender constraining cannot compensate for key theft, so review key storage and host access at the same time.
Refresh fails after a user changes consent or leaves
Treat invalid-grant and equivalent revocation responses as a lifecycle event. Delete the stored refresh token, mark the connection as needing reauthorization, notify the user or administrator through a safe channel, and stop background retries that could create noise or lockouts.
Token exchange produces an ambiguous identity
Inspect the exchange policy and resulting claims. The token should make the subject, actor, issuer, audience, and delegated or impersonated semantics unambiguous for the receiving service. If the deployment cannot explain whose authority is being used, do not ship the exchange flow.
Standards status and what is still provider-specific
RFC 9700 is the IETF’s OAuth 2.0 Security Best Current Practice (BCP 240), published in January 2025. It provides current security recommendations, including minimum privileges, audience restriction, and protections for refresh tokens. RFC 8693, published in January 2020, specifies the basic token-exchange protocol.
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Provider documentation still determines the claims, consent behavior, revocation timing, application-role semantics, access-policy granularity, and audit fields you actually receive. The IETF WIMSE interim presentation on agent authentication and authorization discusses OAuth 2.0, RFC 9700, RFC 8693, introspection, and developing identity-chaining and transaction-token work; it is meeting material rather than a finalized interoperable standard. Check the current draft status and provider support before depending on an emerging mechanism: IETF WIMSE interim presentation.
Reference architectures by workload
User asks an agent to update a personal ticket
Authenticate the user, obtain the ticket API’s delegated scope, and call the API with an audience restricted to that resource server. The API checks the user’s ticket permissions. Record the user, agent, ticket ID, requested change, confirmation (if required), and outcome.
A nightly job indexes an organization-owned repository
Use a dedicated app-only identity with read-only permission and a resource restriction covering only the repository. Issue a short-lived, audience-specific token to the worker, protect the client credential, and log the job ID and files processed. There is no need to invent a user subject for a job that has no user initiator.
A user request crosses an agent gateway and a data service
Keep the user as the subject, identify the gateway as the actor, and exchange or mint a token for the data service’s audience with only the required operation. The data service validates the new token itself and links its audit event to the original request ID. Do not pass a general-purpose front-end token to every internal service.
Deployment checklist
- Have you documented whether each action is user-owned, application-owned, or mixed?
- Does the selected principal match that ownership model?
- Are delegated scopes and app roles separated by read, write, and destructive operations?
- Does every resource server validate issuer, signature, expiry, audience, and required scopes or roles?
- Are tokens and refresh credentials short-lived, protected, and absent from prompts and logs?
- Is sender constraining available for the clients and APIs that handle high-value data?
- Can an auditor identify the user, service, actor, resource, operation, and policy decision?
- Is there a tested response for consent revocation, key compromise, token replay, and service retirement?
- For token exchange, are subject, actor, trust policy, audience, and privilege reduction explicit?
Frequently Asked Questions
Can an app-only token ever be used after a user clicks a button?
Yes, but only when the operation is intentionally application-owned and the user’s personal permissions are not the authorization boundary. If the click means “act on my data,” use delegated authorization or preserve the user as the subject through a supported delegation flow.
Does token exchange make a shared bot token safe by itself?
No. Exchange can produce a token for a narrower audience or context, while the deployment must still define who may exchange, whose authority is represented, which privileges are reduced, and how the result is audited.
Are mTLS and DPoP a replacement for least privilege?
No. They help limit replay of a stolen token, but a valid sender-constrained token can still perform every operation its scopes allow. Keep permissions and audiences narrow and protect the associated key.
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What should an audit record contain when no human started the job?
Record that the run was unattended, along with the service principal, job definition and version, owner, trigger, policy decision, target resources, operations, timestamps, and result. Do not fabricate a user identity.
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