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Use npm trusted publishing for package releases whenever your CI provider and runner are supported. It exchanges your workflow’s OIDC identity for a short-lived publishing credential, so the publish job does not need a persistent write token. Keep a granular, read-only token for installing private dependencies and other commands that still require traditional authentication. If your provider or runner is not supported, use a tightly scoped granular token, set an expiration, and plan for npm’s scheduled January 2027 change to direct publishing with bypass-2FA granular tokens.
What the two methods actually do
Trusted publishing uses workflow identity
Trusted publishing creates a relationship between npm and a specific CI/CD provider workflow. During a release, the workflow presents an OpenID Connect (OIDC) identity token. npm verifies that the request came from the configured provider, repository, workflow and, where applicable, environment, then issues a short-lived credential for the permitted publishing operation.
The important security difference is where the authority lives. With trusted publishing, the job proves which workflow is running; it does not retrieve a long-lived npm write secret from CI storage. A compromised or misconfigured job therefore has a narrower time window than one holding a persistent publish token, although the workflow and its permissions still need to be protected.
Automation tokens are stored credentials
An automation token is a secret that a CI job presents to npm. Its permissions can be granular, and npm lets you control package access and expiration, but the secret remains a credential that must be stored, monitored, rotated and revoked. A token can be the right tool when a workflow needs an operation that trusted publishing does not cover or when the provider is outside npm’s supported list.
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These methods are not mutually exclusive. A release pipeline can use OIDC for npm publish while using a separate read-only token to download private packages during the build. Trusted publishing is a publishing mechanism, not a replacement for every npm login or registry request.
Which option should you choose?
| Situation | Recommended method | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| GitHub Actions on a GitHub-hosted runner, GitLab.com shared runner, or CircleCI cloud publishing a package | Trusted publishing | These are the providers and runner types npm currently lists as supported for trusted publishing. |
| CI installs private npm dependencies | Granular read-only token for installation; trusted publishing for the release | install and private-registry access still use traditional authentication. |
| Self-hosted runner | Granular token, unless npm’s current support list changes | Self-hosted runners are not currently supported by npm trusted publishing. |
| Provider not on npm’s supported list | Granular token with restricted scope and an expiration | The workflow cannot complete the documented OIDC trust exchange. |
| Release must wait for a maintainer | Trusted publishing configured for stage-only access, or a stage-only token | The pipeline submits a staged version; a maintainer approves or rejects it. |
Commands such as view or access |
Traditional npm authentication | Trusted publishing does not authenticate arbitrary npm commands. |
For a supported cloud workflow that publishes a package, trusted publishing is npm’s preferred default. Choose a token deliberately for the remaining cases rather than leaving a broad write secret in every job.
Trusted publishing requirements and limits
Provider and runner support
npm’s current documentation lists trusted publishing for GitHub Actions on GitHub-hosted runners, GitLab.com shared runners and CircleCI cloud. The support statement is provider- and runner-specific: it does not extend to self-hosted runners. Check npm’s live support documentation before changing a production pipeline because this matrix can change.
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npm documents Node.js 22.14.0 or later and npm CLI 11.5.1 or later for trusted publishing. Pin or otherwise control these versions in the release job; a workflow that works on a developer machine can fail in CI if the runner provides an older Node.js or npm CLI.
Identity fields must match exactly
The trusted-publisher record identifies the provider and workflow. Repository, workflow filename and environment fields must match the values emitted by the actual job. A nearly identical name is not sufficient: a renamed workflow file, a different repository fork or an unexpected environment can cause the OIDC exchange to be rejected.
Configuration count and lifecycle
Each package can have up to 10 trusted publishers. Existing publisher connections cannot be edited in place. To change a provider or one of the required identity fields, delete the old connection and create a new one.
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npm says a new trusted-publisher configuration expires if it does not complete its first successful publish within two days. Schedule a test release promptly after creating the record rather than configuring it long before the next release.
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The exact screens differ by provider, but the work has the same sequence: define the npm-side identity, grant the workflow permission to request an OIDC token, use the required tool versions, and perform a real test publish.
- Confirm eligibility. Verify that the provider and runner are on npm’s supported list. Confirm that the release job can run Node.js 22.14.0 or later with npm CLI 11.5.1 or later.
- Create the trusted-publisher connection for the package. Enter the provider and the exact repository, workflow and environment identity values required by npm. Decide whether the publisher may publish directly or only stage a release.
- Grant OIDC permission in the workflow. The job must be allowed to request an identity token. On GitHub Actions this is the
id-token: writepermission. Grant it at the narrowest workflow or job scope that performs the release. - Keep the publish job separate from unrelated jobs. Build and test jobs do not need publish authority. Restrict the OIDC-enabled job to the package and branch or tag conditions that should be able to release.
- Remove the publish token from that job. Do not leave an unused long-lived write token in the environment “just in case.” A separate read-only credential may still be required earlier in the pipeline for private dependencies.
- Run a successful publish within two days of creating the connection. Use the normal package-release process and inspect the registry result. A failed attempt does not prove that the identity fields are correct; check the provider-specific OIDC settings and npm CLI version.
- After validation, restrict legacy credentials. Revoke or narrow unused publish tokens and record which jobs are intentionally allowed to stage or publish.
GitHub Actions details
For GitHub Actions, the release workflow needs id-token: write. The repository and workflow filename configured in npm must match the job that publishes. If the workflow uses an environment, configure the same environment identity in npm. GitHub-hosted runners are the supported runner type in npm’s current list; a self-hosted runner is not covered.
Do not copy a GitHub-specific permission block into another CI system. OIDC configuration, token exposure and identity claims are provider-specific.
GitLab CI/CD details
GitLab.com shared runners are listed as supported. The OIDC token’s audience must be npm:registry.npmjs.org. Configure the npm trusted-publisher record with the exact GitLab project and workflow identity that will make the request, then test from the shared runner rather than assuming a local or self-hosted execution has the same claims.
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CircleCI details
CircleCI cloud is listed as supported. CircleCI exposes the OIDC token as NPM_ID_TOKEN. Use the provider’s cloud execution context and configure npm with the exact project and workflow identity expected by the trusted-publisher record.
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What trusted publishing can and cannot authenticate
Trusted publishing is intended for publishing and staging operations that npm explicitly allows for the configured publisher. It can also cover explicitly permitted operations such as dist-tag management when those permissions are configured. Permission to publish or stage does not automatically grant dist-tag management.
It is not a general replacement for npm login. npm specifically notes that commands including install, view and access continue to require traditional authentication. A successful trusted publish therefore does not mean every later registry request in the same job will work without a token.
When an automation token is still the right tool
Installing private dependencies
Use a granular read-only token for CI jobs that download private packages. Limit the token to the packages or organization scope required by the build, give it an expiration, store it in the CI system’s secret store, and prevent it from being printed in logs. The install credential and the publish credential should be separate so a build step cannot silently gain release authority.
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Unsupported providers and runners
If your release runs on a provider or runner that npm does not support for trusted publishing, a token may be unavoidable. Use the narrowest granular permissions that complete the job, restrict package access, set a short practical expiration and document an owner and rotation date. Recheck npm’s current policy before extending a token’s life.
Non-publishing npm operations
Automation that calls npm view, npm access or other registry operations outside the trusted-publisher scope may still need a token. Separate read and write use cases, and avoid reusing a write token for routine metadata lookups.
Token policy change scheduled for January 2027
npm’s access-token documentation says granular tokens that bypass two-factor authentication and have direct-publish access are scheduled to lose direct publishing in January 2027. This is a future-dated policy and should be rechecked against the live npm documentation before you publish or migrate a pipeline.
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The documented preparation is to adopt trusted publishing where possible or move to a read-and-write stage-only token with staged publishing. A stage-only flow sends a version for human review instead of making it publicly available immediately; a maintainer then approves or rejects the staged version. Do not wait until the policy date to discover that a release system depends on a bypass-2FA direct-publish token.
Staged publishing and human approval
Trusted publishing can be configured so the workflow stages a release rather than publishing it directly. This separates mechanical artifact creation from the decision to make a version available. The publisher needs stage permission, while a maintainer performs the approval or rejection step.
A stage-only token can provide a similar gate where trusted publishing is unavailable. Keep the stage credential separate from any credential that can approve or publish, and make the approval step visible in the release record. Staging adds a person to the release path; it does not remove the need to validate the package before submission.
Provenance: what you can and cannot assume
npm automatically generates provenance for eligible trusted publishes from GitHub Actions and GitLab CI/CD when the source repository is public and the package is public. CircleCI is excluded from this automatic provenance behavior. Eligibility therefore depends on provider, repository visibility and package visibility, not merely on whether a job used OIDC.
Do not assume that publishing with an automation token automatically creates provenance. Follow npm’s separate provenance requirements for the provider and package you use. If provenance is a release requirement, verify the resulting registry metadata rather than inferring it from the authentication method.
Migration plan from tokens to trusted publishing
- Inventory the current credentials. Identify every workflow, package, token owner, permission set, expiration and direct-publish path. Include tokens used only for private dependency installation so they are not accidentally revoked.
- Classify each release job. Mark the provider, runner type, repository visibility, package visibility and whether the job needs direct publishing, staging, dist-tag changes or only installation.
- Create a trusted-publisher record for eligible jobs. Use exact identity fields and choose direct or stage-only access according to your release policy.
- Upgrade the release runtime. Ensure Node.js is 22.14.0 or later and npm CLI is 11.5.1 or later, then grant only the OIDC permission required by the provider.
- Test a complete release. Run the real build, dependency installation, package validation and publish or stage path. Confirm that private dependency access uses its separate read-only token if needed.
- Observe the registry result. Check that the expected version or staged release appears, that approval controls behave as intended and that provenance is present only where the eligibility rules say it should be.
- Reduce legacy access. Restrict or revoke publish tokens no longer needed. Keep a token only for a documented unsupported provider, non-publishing operation or private install requirement.
- Review the setup periodically. Recheck npm’s provider matrix, minimum versions and January 2027 token policy before renewing credentials or changing runners.
Troubleshooting common failures
“The workflow is not trusted” or the OIDC exchange is rejected
- Compare the npm repository and workflow fields with the exact values used by the running job.
- Check whether the job ran from a fork, a different branch policy or a different environment than the configured identity.
- On GitHub Actions, verify that the release job has
id-token: write. - On GitLab, verify the OIDC audience is exactly
npm:registry.npmjs.org. - On CircleCI, verify that the job is using the cloud OIDC token exposed as
NPM_ID_TOKEN.
The publish job works, but dependency installation fails
Trusted publishing does not authenticate npm install. Add a separate granular read-only token for private packages, scope it to the required registry access and ensure the CI secret is available only to the build steps that need it.
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The configuration stopped working after setup
A newly created trusted-publisher configuration must complete its first successful publish within two days. If that window expired, create the connection again and run the validation publish promptly.
A dist-tag command is denied after a successful publish
Publishing or staging permission does not automatically include dist-tag management. Add the explicitly allowed operation to the publisher’s permissions or perform the command with an authentication method that has the required access.
The release runs on a self-hosted runner
Self-hosted runners are not currently supported by npm trusted publishing. Keep the runner, move the release to a supported runner, or use a granular token with restricted scope and an expiration while monitoring npm’s support updates.
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Automatic provenance is limited to eligible trusted publishes from GitHub Actions and GitLab CI/CD for public repositories publishing public packages; CircleCI is excluded. A token-based publish should not be expected to produce provenance automatically. Check the package and repository visibility and follow npm’s separate provenance requirements.
Security controls that apply to either method
- Protect the branch, tag or environment that can trigger a release.
- Keep build and test jobs separate from the job that can publish or stage.
- Never echo tokens or OIDC responses into logs, artifacts or diagnostic output.
- Use read-only credentials for dependency installation and metadata reads whenever write access is unnecessary.
- Review package collaborators and trusted-publisher entries; remove connections that no longer correspond to an active workflow.
- Rotate or revoke traditional tokens when ownership, repository identity or release infrastructure changes.
- Record whether a release was direct, staged or approved by a maintainer so an incident review can reconstruct the path.
The practical decision
For a supported cloud CI workflow whose job is publishing a package, configure npm trusted publishing first. It gives npm a verifiable workflow identity and a short-lived credential instead of placing a persistent write secret in the release job. Keep a separate granular read-only token where private dependency installation or another traditional-authentication command requires one.
Use an automation token when trusted publishing cannot cover the provider, runner or operation. Make it granular, time-limited and job-specific, and treat the January 2027 direct-publish change for bypass-2FA granular tokens as a migration deadline to validate rather than a reason to wait. The safest setup is usually hybrid: OIDC for the release, read-only token access for private inputs, and a human approval gate when the package should be staged before publication.
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