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Short answer: The Nobel science prizes are not simply the largest version of every other science award. Nobel has three science categories—Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine—inside a six-category portfolio, with a tightly controlled nomination system and 50-year confidentiality for nominees. The Breakthrough, Wolf, Kavli, and Lasker programs overlap with Nobel but make different choices about fields, contribution types, who may nominate, how winners are selected, how often awards are made, and whether a prize may be shared.
The useful comparison is therefore not a universal prestige ladder. Match the award to the work: broad foundational discoveries may fit Nobel or Breakthrough; a contribution in one of Wolf’s five fields may fit Wolf; astrophysics, nanoscience, or neuroscience belongs in Kavli’s narrower frame; and biomedical discovery, clinical progress, or public service is the Lasker territory.
At a glance: what each award actually recognizes
| Award | Science scope | Nomination and selection | Frequency and published amount | Sharing and eligibility notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nobel science prizes | Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine. The wider Nobel portfolio also includes Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences. | Eligible nominators submit written nominations; personal applications and self-nominations are not accepted. Nominee identities remain secret for 50 years. Nobel nomination rules | Announced annually. The current overview lists SEK 11 million for a full prize; the amount can change. Nobel overview | Nobel statutes permit a prize to be divided among up to three individual laureates. Nobel statutes |
| Breakthrough Prize | Life Sciences, Fundamental Physics, and Mathematics, with separate early-career awards. | Public nominations are possible, but self-nominations are prohibited. Selection committees are composed of previous laureates. Breakthrough overview | Annual program. The published amount is USD 3 million per prize; the 2026 announcement reports six main prizes at that amount. 2026 laureates announcement | The cited pages do not establish a general sharing rule comparable to the Nobel statute. |
| Wolf Prize | Medicine, Agriculture, Mathematics, Chemistry, and Physics. The wider Wolf program also recognizes arts. | International judging committees evaluate candidates. “Nomination for the Wolf Prize is by invitation only”; self-nominations are excluded and a nomination remains valid for three years. Wolf Prize | Awarded annually, with the field mix varying by year. The listed amount is USD 100,000 per field. Wolf Prize | The cited Wolf pages do not state a general limit on the number of co-recipients. |
| Kavli Prize | Astrophysics, nanoscience, and neuroscience. | Anyone may nominate except the nominee; nominees must be living. An open nomination call feeds the selection process. Kavli nominations | Every other year. The published amount is USD 1 million in each of the three fields. Kavli nominations | A prize may be shared by up to three individuals. |
| Lasker Awards | Basic medical research, clinical medical research, and public service connected with medical science and public health. | Nominations go through the Lasker Foundation’s process; eligibility criteria differ by award. Lasker award purposes and nomination criteria | The cited official pages describe purposes and criteria but do not establish a comparable current award amount. | The cited pages do not state a single sharing rule that applies to every Lasker category. |
Amounts are shown in the currencies and terms used by each foundation. They are not same-year, same-currency measurements and do not create an official prestige ranking.
What the Nobel science prizes cover
The Nobel name is often used as shorthand for science, but the Nobel portfolio is broader. The first prizes were awarded in 1901, and the organization now lists six categories: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences. The economics award was established in 1969 as the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel—an addition in Nobel’s memory, not one of the categories specified in his original will. Nobel Prize Outreach
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For a science comparison, the three relevant categories are therefore Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine. That structure is broad enough to encompass many kinds of discovery, but it is still a set of defined categories rather than an all-purpose award for every scientific accomplishment. The Nobel organization describes its guiding purpose as “the greatest benefit to humankind.”
Who can put a name forward
Nobel nomination is deliberately restricted. The statutes require a written nomination from someone considered competent under the rules of the relevant awarding body, and they say personal applications will not be considered. In practical terms, a researcher cannot enter themselves through a public form. Nomination procedures and eligible nominator groups vary by category and institution. Nobel nomination and selection
Confidentiality is unusually long. Nominee identities are not disclosed until 50 years have passed. That means a person may be widely discussed as a possible candidate while the Nobel organization cannot confirm that the person was nominated. The secrecy protects the deliberations but also makes contemporaneous claims about the nominee list impossible to verify.
How a Nobel award may be divided
The Nobel Foundation’s statutes permit a prize to be divided among no more than three individual laureates. The rule concerns the number of people who can receive one prize; it does not mean that every prize is shared, nor does it turn a team or institution into an automatic laureate under the individual limit. Nobel Foundation statutes
Breakthrough Prize: large awards across three fields
Breakthrough is organized around three science areas: Life Sciences, Fundamental Physics, and Mathematics. That scope overlaps the Nobel categories but is not a replica of them. Mathematics, for example, is central to Breakthrough but has no Nobel category; Life Sciences is a broader label than any single Nobel science field.
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The program also has separate early-career awards. They should not be confused with the main prizes when comparing amounts or the type of recognition. The foundation’s 2026 announcement reported six main prizes, each listed at USD 3 million, alongside those separate early-career honors. Breakthrough 2026 announcement
Laureates choose the laureates
Breakthrough states that selection committees composed of previous Breakthrough laureates in each field choose the winners. That creates a different chain of legitimacy from Nobel’s category-specific institutional nomination process: the decision is made by people who already hold the same award, using committees defined by the program.
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Unlike Nobel, Breakthrough accepts public nominations, although self-nominations are prohibited. Open submission makes it possible for a candidate’s work to be put forward without relying entirely on the closed network of eligible nominators. It does not, however, guarantee that a nomination will reach the final committee decision.
Wolf Prize: five science fields and invited nominations
The Wolf science fields are Medicine, Agriculture, Mathematics, Chemistry, and Physics. The Wolf Foundation also runs an arts prize, so the overall program is not limited to science. Within science, its field list places Agriculture alongside disciplines that map more closely to Nobel categories and gives Mathematics its own award.
Wolf describes international judging committees rather than a committee of previous Wolf laureates. Its nomination rule is explicit: “Nomination for the Wolf Prize is by invitation only.” Self-nominations are excluded, and an existing nomination remains valid for three years. Wolf Foundation, The Wolf Prize
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The prize is awarded annually, but the fields represented can vary from one year to the next. The official page lists USD 100,000 per field. Because the field mix is not fixed every year, an annual Wolf announcement does not necessarily contain one prize in all five science categories.
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Kavli Prize: a narrower frontier-science focus
Kavli concentrates on exactly three areas: astrophysics, nanoscience, and neuroscience. That narrow scope is its defining difference. A researcher whose contribution is important across one of those frontiers may find Kavli a closer conceptual fit than a general science award, while important work outside the three areas is outside Kavli’s remit.
Open nominations, living candidates
The Kavli nomination page describes an open call: anyone may nominate, except the person being nominated. Nominees must be living, a requirement that materially changes eligibility compared with awards that can recognize historical contributions after a researcher’s death. The same page allows a prize to be shared by up to three individuals. The Kavli Prize nominations
Kavli is awarded every other year, not annually. Each of its three fields carries a published award of USD 1 million. The biennial schedule and fixed field set mean that timing matters: a strong candidate may wait for the next cycle rather than an annual announcement.
Lasker Awards: biomedical discovery, clinical work, and public service
Lasker is a biomedical and public-health recognition program, not a broad all-sciences counterpart to Nobel, Wolf, or Breakthrough. Its official categories separate basic medical research, clinical medical research, and public service related to medical science and public health. That lets Lasker recognize both a foundational biological discovery and a practical clinical advance, as well as service that improves public health.
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The Foundation uses an award-specific nomination process, and its eligibility criteria differ by category. Read the category rules rather than assuming that a nomination for basic research follows the same test as one for clinical work or public service. Lasker Foundation award purposes and Lasker award nominations
The official pages cited here do not establish a current Lasker amount that can be compared directly with the published Nobel, Breakthrough, Wolf, or Kavli figures. The absence of a comparable figure is a reporting limit, not evidence that the award has no financial component.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Where the selection systems diverge
Closed confidentiality versus public access
Nobel combines restricted nominations with a 50-year secrecy period. Breakthrough and Kavli both describe ways for the general public to submit nominations, although each prohibits self-nomination. Wolf is the opposite on access: invitations are required. Lasker uses a foundation-run process whose exact eligibility test depends on the category.
These models answer different administrative goals. A restricted system can control who is entitled to nominate and keep deliberations private. An open call can widen the route by which work reaches a committee, but it still leaves selection to the award’s judges. An invitation-only process relies on a curated group of nominators and a longer-lived nomination record.
Who makes the final judgment
Breakthrough explicitly places selection committees of past laureates at the center. Wolf identifies international judging committees. Nobel nominations are handled under the rules of the relevant Nobel awarding institutions, while the cited Kavli and Lasker pages describe nomination and eligibility frameworks rather than presenting one identical committee model for every field.
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Living status and posthumous recognition
Kavli’s published nomination rule requires nominees to be living. The other summaries in the cited material do not establish an equivalent across-the-board living requirement, so it would be unsafe to assume that all five programs treat deceased candidates in the same way. Check the current rules for the specific award and cycle.
How to read the money without creating a false ranking
The figures look comparable because they are all expressed as large headline amounts, but the units differ:
- Nobel lists SEK 11 million for a full prize in its current overview, accessed October 13, 2026. The amount is subject to change.
- Breakthrough lists USD 3 million per main prize; its 2026 announcement applies that amount to six main prizes.
- Wolf lists USD 100,000 per field, with the fields awarded varying by year.
- Kavli lists USD 1 million in each of its three fields and operates on a two-year cycle.
- The cited Lasker pages do not establish a comparable current amount.
Currency conversion, exchange-rate timing, tax treatment, the number of recipients, and whether a figure is per field or per full prize all affect a financial comparison. None of these figures is an official measure of scientific quality or a universal prestige order. The awards recognize different communities and contribution types, so a larger nominal sum does not prove that one program is “above” another.
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Use the following as a field-and-process guide, not as a ranking:
- Choose Nobel as the reference point when the work belongs to Physics, Chemistry, or Physiology or Medicine and has become a broadly consequential contribution that can be considered through the Nobel institutions’ restricted nomination system.
- Look to Breakthrough for Life Sciences, Fundamental Physics, or Mathematics, especially when the work sits in a field without a Nobel category or when an open public nomination route is important. Separate the main prize from its early-career awards.
- Look to Wolf when the contribution falls in Medicine, Agriculture, Mathematics, Chemistry, or Physics and can be advanced through an invited nomination and international judging process.
- Look to Kavli when the central achievement is in astrophysics, nanoscience, or neuroscience and the candidate meets the living-nominee requirement. Its biennial schedule should be part of the planning.
- Look to Lasker when the achievement is a basic medical discovery, a clinical medical advance, or public service tied to medical science and public health. Do not present it as an all-sciences award.
What “major” means in this comparison
“Major” describes the visibility and institutional reach of these programs, not a single official ladder. Nobel has the longest-running, tightly defined categories in this group and a portfolio that extends beyond science. Breakthrough emphasizes very large annual prizes and laureate-led selection. Wolf combines five science fields with invited nominations and rotating annual coverage. Kavli trades breadth for depth in three frontier disciplines and a biennial cycle. Lasker specializes in biomedical and public-health recognition.
For a reader evaluating a candidate, the most defensible question is not “Which prize is second to Nobel?” It is “Which program’s field, contribution definition, nomination access, eligibility rule, and selection model describe this work accurately?” That comparison explains why the same scientist can be relevant to more than one award without the awards being interchangeable.
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