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Secure a Next.js application by combining a restrictive Content-Security-Policy (CSP), exact image source allowlists, conservative SVG handling, browser-hardening headers, and an image-response size limit. Use static headers when one policy fits every request; use nonce-based middleware only when trusted inline scripts genuinely need per-request authorization.
Start with a restrictive CSP
A CSP gives the browser an allowlist for scripts, styles, images, frames, fonts, and other resources. Next.js describes it as a control against cross-site scripting, clickjacking, and code injection. The policy is only effective when it reflects the resources your application actually needs: an origin omitted from a directive will be blocked, while an origin allowed too broadly expands the attack surface.
Static policy in next.config.js
For applications whose resource rules are stable, deliver CSP as an HTTP response header from the headers API. A baseline policy can look like this:
const csp = [
"default-src 'self'",
"script-src 'self'",
"style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'",
"img-src 'self' https://images.example.com data: blob:",
"font-src 'self'",
"object-src 'none'",
"base-uri 'self'",
"frame-ancestors 'none'",
].join('; ')
module.exports = {
async headers() {
return [{
source: '/(.*)',
headers: [
{ key: 'Content-Security-Policy', value: csp },
],
}]
},
}default-src 'self' establishes a same-origin fallback. The explicit script-src prevents scripts from silently inheriting a looser rule. object-src 'none' disables legacy plug-in content, base-uri 'self' limits the document base URL, and frame-ancestors 'none' prevents the page from being embedded. Keep img-src limited to the image origins, data types, and blob URLs that the application uses.
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The style-src 'unsafe-inline' entry in this example is a compatibility starting point, not a requirement. Remove it if your styling pipeline works without inline styles. Likewise, do not add a script host, font host, analytics endpoint, frame origin, or connection endpoint until the application needs it. Enumerate legitimate origins and test the resulting policy in every route and deployment environment.
Nonce middleware for legitimate inline scripts
If trusted inline scripts must run and a static policy cannot authorize them safely, generate a fresh nonce for each request in middleware and place that nonce in both the CSP and the corresponding script markup. This approach makes authorization request-specific, but it also complicates caching, streaming, and application plumbing. Use it for a real inline-script requirement rather than as a default replacement for a static header. External scripts still need to be covered by the policy, and every other directive remains restrictive.
Allow remote images with exact patterns
Next.js image optimization does not accept an arbitrary remote URL. An entry in images.remotePatterns must match the requested protocol, hostname, port, pathname, and, when specified, the complete query string. Matching is exact and case-sensitive; a mismatch in any component causes the image request to be rejected.
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What each remote-pattern field controls
| Field | Security decision |
|---|---|
protocol |
Require the intended scheme, normally https. |
hostname |
Identify the approved image host exactly. |
port |
Permit only the required port; an empty value in the configuration pattern represents the standard port behavior. |
pathname |
Restrict the URL to an application-owned prefix such as one bucket or account directory. |
search |
When supplied, match the complete query string; an empty string permits no query parameters. |
Use the narrowest pathname that fits the application. Allowing /account123/** is safer than allowing every path on a shared image host because unrelated files on that host remain outside the optimizer’s trust boundary. Do not use a broad hostname rule merely to make a failing URL work.
module.exports = {
images: {
remotePatterns: [
{
protocol: 'https',
hostname: 'images.example.com',
port: '',
pathname: '/account123/**',
search: '',
},
],
},
}This pattern accepts HTTPS images below /account123/ with no query string. If the provider requires a version or transformation parameter, specify the complete expected search string instead of permitting every parameter. A URL that differs by protocol, capitalization, port, path, or query is intentionally refused.
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Why this matters for server-side fetching
The optimizer fetches remote source images on behalf of your application. Restricting protocol, host, path, and query limits which destinations it is allowed to process and reduces accidental access to unrelated or internal-looking URLs. Pattern matching is a boundary control, not a substitute for provider-side access controls, authentication design, or network egress policy. Keep the upstream image host dedicated or clearly partitioned when possible.
Restrict local assets as well
images.localPatterns applies the same allowlist principle to local paths. It can constrain both the pathname and an exact query string:
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localPatterns: [
{ pathname: '/assets/images/**', search: '' },
],
}In this example, only files below /assets/images/ without query parameters are eligible for optimization. If you omit search, Next.js allows all query parameters for matching local URLs. That can broaden the set of URLs the optimizer processes, so specify an empty string when parameters are not needed or an exact search string when they are.
Handle SVG as active content
SVG is not merely a passive bitmap container. It can carry features resembling HTML and CSS, and Next.js warns that this can create vulnerabilities without suitable CSP headers. Treat an SVG from an untrusted or loosely controlled source as active content.
Preferred behavior: do not optimize SVG
The default posture is to avoid optimizing SVG. When the source is known to be SVG and you control its provenance, use the image component’s unoptimized option rather than enabling global SVG optimization. This keeps the decision local to the known asset and avoids changing the security posture for every image.
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If SVG optimization is unavoidable
Keep dangerouslyAllowSVG disabled unless SVG optimization is a deliberate, reviewed requirement. If you enable it, pair it with a download disposition and a restrictive content policy for optimized image responses:
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images: {
dangerouslyAllowSVG: true,
contentDispositionType: 'attachment',
contentSecurityPolicy: "default-src 'self'; script-src 'none'; sandbox;",
}script-src 'none' blocks script execution in the delivered SVG response, while sandbox applies an additional browser sandbox. contentDispositionType: 'attachment' makes a direct image URL download instead of render in the browser. This is the documented default behavior and is particularly relevant to SVG because it reduces the chance that a user navigates directly to an SVG and executes it in an active document context.
These settings do not turn arbitrary SVG into trusted content. Continue to control which sources are accepted, keep the global CSP restrictive, and avoid enabling the option simply because a provider returns an SVG extension.
Add browser-hardening headers
CSP is one layer. Next.js’s headers API also documents controls that address transport, framing, MIME interpretation, permissions, and referrer leakage.
| Header | Use and qualification |
|---|---|
Strict-Transport-Security |
Instruct browsers to use HTTPS. Choose its duration and scope only after confirming that every intended host and subdomain supports HTTPS. |
Content-Security-Policy |
Use directives such as frame-ancestors to control embedding and resource execution. |
X-Frame-Options |
Provides older framing protection; CSP frame-ancestors is the modern successor. Keep the value consistent with whether your site must be embedded. |
Permissions-Policy |
Disable or limit browser capabilities that the application does not need, selecting features according to the product’s requirements. |
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff |
Stops browsers from guessing a different MIME type than the server declares. |
Referrer-Policy: origin-when-cross-origin |
Send the full referrer on same-origin requests while reducing cross-origin referrer detail. |
A minimal header block that fits the configuration above is:
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async headers() {
return [{
source: '/(.*)',
headers: [
{ key: 'Content-Security-Policy', value: csp },
{ key: 'X-Content-Type-Options', value: 'nosniff' },
{ key: 'Referrer-Policy', value: 'origin-when-cross-origin' },
],
}]
}Add HSTS, framing, and permissions policies after checking deployment and embedding requirements. A blanket framing denial will break a product that is intentionally embedded, while an HSTS policy applied before HTTPS is ready can make the site unreachable in browsers that remember it.
Limit optimizer resource consumption
The documented Next.js 15 image API reference lists a 50 MB default limit for the source-image response. Reduce it when your application expects smaller assets. A five-megabyte limit, for example, is appropriate only when every legitimate source image fits within that boundary:
images: {
maximumResponseBody: 5_000_000,
}This limit controls how much source data the optimizer accepts, helping prevent an unexpectedly large response from consuming excessive memory or bandwidth. Set it from observed application requirements, then monitor failures after deployment so an incorrectly low value does not reject valid uploads.
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The following pattern combines the controls without widening any allowlist unnecessarily:
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"default-src 'self'",
"script-src 'self'",
"style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'",
"img-src 'self' https://images.example.com data: blob:",
"font-src 'self'",
"object-src 'none'",
"base-uri 'self'",
"frame-ancestors 'none'",
].join('; ')
module.exports = {
images: {
remotePatterns: [
{
protocol: 'https',
hostname: 'images.example.com',
port: '',
pathname: '/account123/**',
search: '',
},
],
localPatterns: [
{ pathname: '/assets/images/**', search: '' },
],
dangerouslyAllowSVG: false,
contentDispositionType: 'attachment',
contentSecurityPolicy: "default-src 'self'; script-src 'none'; sandbox;",
maximumResponseBody: 5_000_000,
},
async headers() {
return [{
source: '/(.*)',
headers: [
{ key: 'Content-Security-Policy', value: csp },
{ key: 'X-Content-Type-Options', value: 'nosniff' },
{ key: 'Referrer-Policy', value: 'origin-when-cross-origin' },
],
}]
},
}The values are a starting point. Before shipping, list every legitimate script, style, image, font, frame, and connection origin and adjust only the directives that the application demonstrably needs.
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Fix common failures without weakening security
“The hostname is not configured under images”
Compare the requested URL with every remotePatterns field, character by character. Check the scheme, capitalization, port, complete path, and query string. A host-only match is not enough.
“The image works without a query but fails with one”
Your pattern likely uses search: '', which allows no query string. Either remove the parameter from the generated URL or add the exact required search value. Do not omit search merely to accept arbitrary parameters unless that behavior is intentional.
Local images with transformation parameters are rejected
Inspect localPatterns. Omitting search permits all query parameters; specifying an empty string forbids them. Align the setting with the URL format produced by your application.
An SVG is refused or downloads instead of displaying
That behavior is consistent with the safer defaults. Use unoptimized for a known SVG, or complete a security review before enabling dangerouslyAllowSVG. If downloads are unexpected, check contentDispositionType; attachment intentionally forces direct URLs to download.
The CSP breaks a page
Read the browser’s CSP violation report and identify the blocked resource’s directive and origin. Add the narrowest legitimate origin or path, then retest. Do not replace a restrictive directive with a wildcard simply to silence errors. Inline-script failures are a signal to use a nonce-based design only when the inline code is trusted and necessary.
Quick Recap
Deployment checklist
- Deliver CSP as a response header on every intended route.
- Choose static headers or per-request nonces based on actual inline-script needs.
- List required resource origins before finalizing each CSP directive.
- Use
remotePatternswith HTTPS, exact host, required port, narrow pathname, and deliberate query matching. - Use
localPatternsto constrain local paths and decide explicitly whether query parameters are allowed. - Keep
dangerouslyAllowSVGfalse unless SVG optimization has been reviewed. - If SVG optimization is enabled, use
script-src 'none'; sandbox;andattachment. - Set
maximumResponseBodybelow the documented 50 MB default when legitimate assets are smaller. - Add
nosniff, a suitable referrer policy, and deployment-appropriate HSTS, framing, and permissions policies. - Test rejected URLs, oversized responses, direct SVG navigation, embedded pages, and every legitimate image source before release.
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