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Moving Kubernetes nodes from cgroup v1 to cgroup v2 is primarily a Linux-node and software-compatibility project. The kubelet usually detects v2 automatically, but operators must verify the node’s operating system and kernel, container runtime, cgroup-driver alignment, agents that read cgroup files, and swap policy before changing a node. The migration also matters for upgrades: Kubernetes marks cgroup v1 deprecated in v1.35, and the kubelet does not start on a v1 node by default from that release unless the temporary failCgroupV1: false override is set.
This guide explains the interface differences, a safe validation and rollout sequence, the commands to inspect a node, and the failure modes that commonly appear when software still expects the v1 layout.
The short answer for operators
cgroup v2 is not a new Kubernetes resource type. It is a different Linux control-group interface underneath the kubelet and container runtime. Version 2 replaces v1’s multiple controller hierarchies with one unified hierarchy, changes delegation and file layouts, adds more consistent resource accounting, and exposes Linux Pressure Stall Information (PSI). Kubernetes support for v2 has been stable since v1.25.
For a cluster operator, the practical changes are:
- Nodes need an operating-system configuration that enables cgroup v2 and a supported Linux kernel and runtime.
- The kubelet and runtime must use the same cgroup driver. On a systemd-based distribution, Kubernetes recommends
systemd. - Monitoring, security, and application components that inspect
/sys/fs/cgroupdirectly must understand v2’s unified hierarchy and filenames. - Swap becomes an explicit kubelet and runtime policy. cgroup v2 can enforce a pod’s swap ceiling with
memory.swap.max, but v2 does not automatically make swap available to pods. - Starting with Kubernetes v1.35, cgroup v1 is deprecated and the kubelet refuses to start on a v1 node by default. A documented opt-out exists temporarily, but it should be treated as a migration bridge rather than a permanent design.
The Kubernetes documentation describes the kubelet as automatically detecting a v2 operating system and adapting without additional kubelet configuration. That automatic detection does not upgrade third-party agents or fix a driver mismatch, so node validation remains necessary. See Kubernetes: About cgroup v2.
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What cgroups control in a Kubernetes node
Linux control groups assign processes to groups and enforce or measure resources such as CPU and memory. Kubernetes uses them at several layers: the kubelet places pods and containers into cgroups, the runtime creates and manages container cgroups, and the operating system’s service manager may place the kubelet and runtime in their own slices. Both the kubelet and the runtime therefore need to understand the same cgroup interface to enforce requests and limits correctly. Kubernetes explains this relationship in Container Runtimes.
How v1 and v2 differ
| Area | cgroup v1 | cgroup v2 | Operator impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hierarchy and API | Separate hierarchies can be mounted for different controllers, with controller-specific paths and files. | A single unified hierarchy presents one control-group API. Delegation rules are stricter and safer for nested workloads. | Tools that construct paths or read controller files by name may need a v2-aware release. |
| Resource accounting | Accounting and controls are spread across controller hierarchies and can produce different views of a workload. | The unified model provides more consistent accounting and resource controls across controllers. | Validate dashboards, alerts, and admission or policy tools that calculate usage from cgroup files. |
| Pressure visibility | Does not provide the unified v2 interface for Pressure Stall Information. | Integrates Linux PSI signals for CPU, memory, and I/O pressure. | Node-level observability can expose pressure signals, but an agent must support the v2 files and semantics. |
| File layout | Applications commonly expect controller-specific files such as memory.limit_in_bytes in separate trees. |
Applications use unified files such as memory.max, memory.current, and memory.swap.max. |
Hard-coded v1 paths are a frequent source of missing metrics or failed startup. |
| Driver relationship | Mixed driver choices can appear to work until resource pressure or service-manager interaction exposes inconsistent trees. | The same driver alignment is required; systemd is the recommended choice on systemd-based distributions. | Configure kubelet and runtime together and verify the effective settings, not just package defaults. |
| Kubernetes lifecycle | Still usable only where the Kubernetes release and node stack permit it; it is deprecated from v1.35. | Stable Kubernetes support is available from v1.25 onward. | Plan node-image and software changes before a control-plane upgrade reaches a release that rejects v1 by default. |
The Linux kernel’s detailed controller semantics and delegation rules are documented in Control Group v2.
Requirements to verify before changing a node
Check every item in this table for the exact operating-system image and Kubernetes release you run. The versions shown are Kubernetes documentation requirements or examples, not a guarantee that every vendor combination is supported.
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| Requirement | What to verify | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| Distribution | The Linux distribution and image must enable and support cgroup v2. Some older images boot with v1 even when the kernel contains v2 support. | The kubelet follows the mode exposed by the node; it cannot enable a distribution feature that the image or boot configuration has disabled. |
| Kernel | Kubernetes lists Linux kernel 5.8 or later for cgroup v2. | Controller behavior, PSI availability, and runtime support depend on kernel capabilities and vendor backports. |
| Container runtime | Kubernetes lists containerd 1.4 or later and CRI-O 1.20 or later as compatible examples. Confirm support for your precise OS and Kubernetes release. | The runtime creates the container cgroups and must use the same driver as the kubelet. |
| Cgroup driver | Set kubelet and runtime to the same driver; use systemd on a systemd-based Linux distribution unless your platform documents another requirement. |
Two independent cgroup managers can create competing hierarchies and inconsistent resource views. |
| Node software | Inventory metrics, logging, security, eBPF, service-mesh, and application components that read cgroup paths directly. | Those components may fail even when Kubernetes itself starts normally. |
| Swap policy | Decide whether swap is disabled or explicitly tolerated, then configure both kubelet behavior and runtime support. | Linux kubelet does not start with swap enabled by default, and v2’s swap controls are policy mechanisms rather than an automatic feature. |
Determine whether a node is using v1 or v2
Run these checks on the node, using an account that can inspect the host filesystem and services:
-
Check the cgroup filesystem type:
stat -fc %T /sys/fs/cgroup/Kubernetes documents
cgroup2fsas the v2 result andtmpfsas the v1 result. Confirm the interpretation against your distribution’s documentation, because boot and mount configuration can affect what is exposed. -
Inspect mounts and kernel information when the result is unexpected:
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mount | grep cgroup
uname -rA v2 node normally has a unified cgroup mount. A node can have a new-enough kernel while still booting with a v1 configuration, so the filesystem check is more useful than the kernel version alone.
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Inspect the systemd hierarchy and Kubernetes-related slices:
systemd-cgls
systemd-cgtop
systemctl list-units 'kube*' --type=sliceThese commands show where services and workloads are placed and help reveal whether systemd is managing the same hierarchy that the runtime and kubelet use.
-
Record the effective kubelet and runtime settings. The exact file locations vary by distribution, but common checks include:
grep -R "cgroupDriver" /var/lib/kubelet /etc/kubernetes 2>/dev/null
crictl infoDo not infer the driver solely from a package’s sample configuration. Verify the running service and runtime’s effective configuration.
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A migration runbook for cluster operators
1. Inventory nodes, versions, and direct cgroup consumers
Create a node inventory containing the operating-system image, kernel, Kubernetes version, runtime and runtime version, current cgroup mode, cgroup driver, swap state, and installed DaemonSets. Search configuration and deployment manifests for code that reads /sys/fs/cgroup, parses controller-specific paths, or expects v1 filenames. Include host agents outside Kubernetes: system monitoring, intrusion detection, backup, storage, and network tools.
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For application runtimes, ask the vendor or project for a release that explicitly supports cgroup v2. A program can appear healthy while reporting zero usage or unlimited memory if it silently reads a missing v1 file, so test the metric and enforcement path rather than only the process exit status.
2. Select a canary node and capture a baseline
Choose a node with representative workloads and enough spare capacity to drain if necessary. Record pod CPU and memory metrics, node conditions, eviction events, runtime errors, and alerts before the change. Keep the baseline tied to the same workload and observation window; the available documentation establishes capability differences, not a universal performance gain from v2.
3. Prepare the operating-system image
Use a distribution image that enables cgroup v2 and meets the kernel and runtime requirements listed above. Follow the image provider’s documented boot parameters and mount configuration. Reboot only after confirming that the image will expose the intended mode, and verify the result with stat -fc %T /sys/fs/cgroup/ after the reboot.
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4. Align kubelet and runtime cgroup drivers
Set the kubelet’s cgroupDriver and the runtime’s cgroup-manager setting to the same value. On a systemd-based distribution, Kubernetes recommends systemd. Restart the runtime and kubelet only according to your distribution’s service-management procedure, then verify the running processes and node health.
For containerd, inspect the active configuration rather than editing an unused template; the relevant setting is commonly named SystemdCgroup. For CRI-O, inspect the active cgroup-manager setting. Configuration paths and syntax differ by package, so use the runtime’s documentation for the installed version. A node should not be admitted to production while the kubelet reports one driver and the runtime uses another.
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5. Upgrade or replace incompatible agents
Pay particular attention to cAdvisor deployments, node exporters, security sensors, and policy agents. Kubernetes specifically advises cAdvisor v0.43.0 or later when cAdvisor is run as a standalone DaemonSet. Components embedded in a managed distribution may be upgraded by the provider, but independently deployed DaemonSets remain your responsibility.
Test more than collection: confirm that memory limits, CPU throttling, OOM reporting, container identity, and alert thresholds still work. Replace code that assumes a fixed v1 path with a cgroup-aware library or an interface that supports both modes during a rolling transition.
6. Drain and replace or reimage the canary
Use your normal maintenance procedure to cordon and drain the node, preserving workloads that cannot be disrupted according to their PodDisruptionBudgets. Reimage or reconfigure the node, reboot if required by the operating-system change, and verify cgroup mode and driver alignment before uncordoning it. A replacement node pool is often easier to audit than changing a busy node in place because it gives you a clean rollback target.
kubectl cordon <node-name>
kubectl drain <node-name> --ignore-daemonsets --delete-emptydir-data
# perform the image/runtime change and host validation
kubectl uncordon <node-name>Review the drain options for your workload policies. The command shown is an example, not a blanket instruction to delete data or bypass a disruption budget.
7. Validate Kubernetes enforcement and observability
After the canary rejoins, schedule a representative pod and verify that requests and limits are reflected in metrics and in the runtime’s cgroup hierarchy. Exercise a controlled CPU limit and memory limit in a test namespace, then check node conditions, eviction signals, container exit reasons, and alert delivery. Compare the results with the baseline rather than assuming identical filenames or metric names.
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Inspect systemd and runtime logs for messages about failed cgroup creation, unsupported controllers, permission errors, or a driver mismatch. Keep the old node image or pool available until the canary has passed the same checks you use for production readiness.
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8. Roll out gradually and keep a rollback path
Proceed in batches sized to your workload-disruption budget. Pause if a batch shows missing metrics, unexpected evictions, changed OOM behavior, or rising runtime errors. Roll back by stopping further drains and returning capacity to the previous image or node pool; do not use the v1 compatibility override as a substitute for fixing an incompatible agent.
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The kubelet’s automatic v2 detection covers Kubernetes’ own interaction with the host, not every process running on the host. The highest-risk software has one or more of these characteristics:
- It opens files below
/sys/fs/cgroupdirectly instead of using a library. - It expects controller-specific v1 directories or names such as
memory.limit_in_bytes. - It infers pod or container identity from a path that changes under a unified hierarchy.
- It calculates usage by summing multiple controller trees and does not understand unified accounting.
- It runs as a privileged DaemonSet and mounts the host cgroup filesystem read-only.
For each component, identify the supported version, test on the canary node, and verify the data’s meaning. A graph that continues to render is not proof that the value is correct; compare limits, current usage, throttling, pressure, and OOM events against a controlled workload.
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Cgroup-driver alignment and systemd
The kubelet and runtime both create or manage control groups. If they use different drivers, each can build a different view of the same pod. Under light load this may remain hidden, but resource pressure can expose incorrect accounting, failed placement, or unstable service behavior.
Kubernetes recommends the systemd driver on systemd-based distributions because systemd is already the service manager and can manage one coherent hierarchy. The recommendation is about consistency, not a claim that systemd universally improves application performance. If your distribution or managed service mandates another driver, use that documented choice consistently in both components.
Swap on cgroup v2: an explicit policy decision
Swap is separate from the choice between cgroup versions. Linux kubelet does not start when swap is enabled by default unless you configure it to tolerate swap. If you choose to use swap, configure kubelet behavior and verify that the runtime can enforce the intended limits.
With cgroup v2, a runtime can apply the memory.swap.max limit for a cgroup. That mechanism lets an operator express how much swap a pod or container may use, but it does not turn swap on automatically and does not remove the need to decide whether swap is appropriate for the workload. Follow the version-specific guidance in Kubernetes: Swap memory management.
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Kubernetes marks cgroup v1 deprecated beginning with v1.35. From that release, the kubelet does not start on a v1 node by default. The documented temporary override is failCgroupV1: false in the kubelet configuration. Treat that setting as a short-term compatibility measure while you migrate the node image and dependent software; Kubernetes removal timing follows the project’s deprecation policy.
Before upgrading a control plane or node pool to a release affected by this behavior, verify every node’s cgroup mode and make sure autoscaling can create replacement nodes with v2. A cluster that contains a few healthy v2 nodes can still fail during a scale-out if its machine image or bootstrap configuration creates v1 nodes.
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Troubleshooting common migration failures
| Symptom | Likely cause | Checks and corrective action |
|---|---|---|
| The kubelet fails immediately after an upgrade. | The node is still using cgroup v1 and the release now rejects it by default. | Run stat -fc %T /sys/fs/cgroup/. Move the node to a v2-enabled image. Use failCgroupV1: false only as the documented temporary bridge while scheduling the migration. |
| The kubelet or runtime reports a cgroup-driver mismatch. | The two components were changed independently or one is using a distribution default. | Inspect effective kubelet and runtime settings, set both to the same driver, restart in the vendor-prescribed order, and verify node readiness. |
| Metrics disappear or show zero/unlimited values. | An agent still reads v1-only paths or interprets unified files incorrectly. | Check the agent’s v2 support, upgrade it, and validate limits and current usage with a controlled pod. For standalone cAdvisor, use v0.43.0 or later as advised by Kubernetes. |
| Pods are evicted or OOM-killed unexpectedly. | Accounting, limits, or swap behavior changed; an agent may also be reporting stale values. | Inspect pod limits, runtime logs, node conditions, cgroup files, and swap configuration. Compare with the pre-migration baseline before changing limits. |
| The node reports v1 despite a new kernel. | The distribution image or boot parameters still mount v1. | Check mounts and the image’s cgroup configuration. Kernel version alone does not prove that v2 is enabled. |
| A managed node pool cannot be switched as documented. | The provider controls image rollout or requires a new pool. | Use the provider’s supported image and replacement process; general Kubernetes documentation does not define provider-specific timelines. |
Operator checklist
- Record each node’s cgroup mode, OS image, kernel, runtime, driver, and swap state.
- Confirm the distribution enables v2 and satisfies the documented kernel and runtime requirements.
- Set kubelet and runtime to one cgroup driver, using
systemdon systemd-based hosts when supported. - Search host agents, DaemonSets, and applications for direct reads of
/sys/fs/cgroupand v1-specific filenames. - Upgrade or replace incompatible components before draining production nodes.
- Use
systemd-cgls,systemd-cgtop, andsystemctl list-units 'kube*' --type=sliceto inspect service placement. - Test CPU, memory, eviction, OOM, metrics, and alerting behavior on a canary node.
- Make swap behavior explicit in both kubelet and runtime configuration.
- For managed Kubernetes, confirm the provider’s node-image and pool-replacement procedure.
- Complete the migration before relying on a Kubernetes release that rejects cgroup v1 by default.
Sources and further reading
- Kubernetes: About cgroup v2
- Kubernetes: Container Runtimes
- Kubernetes v1.36 documentation: About cgroup v2
- Linux Kernel Documentation: Control Group v2
- Kubernetes: Swap memory management
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