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Seven public kaomoji dictionaries did share some entries, but a 2010 study found that most strings in its selected corpus were unique after deduplication. The study’s primary paper reports 11,416 extracted emoticons and 10,137 unique strings. That is evidence of substantial uniqueness in one historically gathered set—not proof that the collections barely overlap pair by pair or that every entry on each site was compared.
What did the seven-collection comparison find?
The 2010 paper CAO: A Fully Automatic Emoticon Analysis System Based on Theory of Kinesics reports 11,416 extracted emoticons and 10,137 unique emoticons after duplicate filtering, which it describes as 89 percent. In other words, within that paper’s selected corpus, most strings remained after duplicates were removed.
A related 2010 conference paper, Development of Emoticon Database for Affect Analysis in Japanese, reports 10,157 unique emoticons from the same stated total of 11,416 extracted. The available accounts do not explain the 20-entry difference, so the figures should remain attributed to their respective papers rather than combined or averaged.
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Which collections did the researchers use?
The paper names seven online dictionaries: Face-mark Party, Kaomojiya, Kaomoji-toshokan, Kaomoji-café, Kaomoji Paradise, Kaomojisyo, and Kaomoji Station. These are the historical sources identified by the 2010 study; its list does not establish whether those sites remain available or what they contain today.
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What counted as an entry in the comparison?
The study focused on Japanese one-line Eastern emoticons, known as kaomoji. It distinguished them from rotated Western emoticons and multiline ASCII-art emoticons. Researchers collected entries from emotionally labeled categories, then reconciled differing category labels using a common Japanese emotion classification before filtering duplicate strings.
That scope matters: this was not a documented merge of every item, category, or feature on all seven websites. It was a selected corpus of emotionally categorized entries gathered for analysis. The result therefore describes that corpus, not the current completeness or overlap of the dictionaries as a whole.
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Does the 89 percent figure mean the collections barely overlapped?
Not by itself. The 89 percent figure is the share the CAO paper reports as unique after filtering; it is not a pairwise overlap rate between each possible pair of websites. The papers do not provide a complete overlap matrix, per-site contribution counts, or enough detail to calculate how much any two dictionaries shared. “Barely overlap” is a qualitative interpretation of the high unique share, not a reported pairwise measurement.
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The paper also notes that more than one-third of entries annotated as joy were repeated, without giving a more precise percentage. It lists joy, fondness, anger, surprise, gloom, and excitement as the most numerous extracted emotion categories, in that order. This suggests duplication was not uniform across the selected material: joy entries showed notable repetition, while many strings overall remained unique.
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Why do the component counts differ from the number of kaomoji?
The CAO paper also analyzes parts of emoticons—such as eyes, mouth, borders, and additional areas. It reports 6,185 unique eye-mouth-eye triplets, 1,920 unique eye pairs, 1,654 mouth areas, and 20,184 unique additional areas across four positions. These are counts of extracted components or component combinations, not counts of whole kaomoji, so they should not be compared directly with the 10,137 whole-string total.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What can readers reasonably conclude?
- The 2010 study found a high proportion of unique strings in its emotionally categorized sample from seven online dictionaries.
- The two related papers give different unique totals—10,137 in the CAO paper and 10,157 in the conference paper—and the discrepancy is unresolved.
- The study does not establish current site availability, complete collection coverage, or the exact overlap between every pair of dictionaries.
For a present-day comparison, the relevant choices would include which categories to collect, when to capture each site, how to normalize strings, and whether to report total unique entries or pairwise overlap. The historical result answers a narrower question: how much duplication remained after filtering the selected entries gathered for those 2010 analyses.
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