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Handle Fetch errors at four separate stages: the request, the HTTP status, reading or parsing the response body, and cancellation. A 404 or 500 normally does not reject fetch(); it fulfills with a Response, so check response.ok or response.status yourself. Then keep body parsing inside the same error-handling flow and account for aborts.
Why doesn’t fetch throw on a 404?
fetch() rejects for some request-level failures, such as network errors or a malformed URL. An HTTP error status is different: once response headers arrive, the promise normally fulfills with a Response, even when the status is 404 or 500. MDN explains that Fetch rejects on some errors, “but not if the server responds with an error status like 404,” and recommends checking the response status (MDN: Using the Fetch API).
That separation lets your code decide which HTTP statuses count as failures for the application. Check response.ok, which is true for status codes in the 200 range, or inspect response.status when you need status-specific behavior. A fulfilled promise only means Fetch received a response; it does not mean the operation succeeded for your application.
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Separate the request from status validation and body parsing. This example lets request-level rejections propagate, converts non-OK HTTP responses into application errors, and returns the parsed JSON:
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async function getJson(url, { signal } = {}) {
const response = await fetch(url, { signal });
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}`);
}
return response.json();
}The call to response.json() returns a promise too. Because it is returned from the async function, a body-read or JSON-parsing failure rejects getJson() and can be caught by its caller along with request and status errors:
try {
const data = await getJson("/api/items");
renderItems(data);
} catch (error) {
showError(error);
}For application-specific reporting, preserve useful details such as the HTTP status rather than reducing every failure to a generic message. Choose whether to retry or surface an error based on the request and application; Fetch error handling alone does not establish a universal retry rule.
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What can fail after the response arrives?
Body reading and JSON parsing
Body methods such as response.json() and response.text() are asynchronous. The read may fail, and JSON parsing can reject if the body is not valid JSON. Keep the body method within the promise flow you handle; checking response.ok does not validate the body.
If you need to inspect a response body as text and also parse it separately, remember that a response body is a stream and ordinarily can be consumed only once. Clone the response before reading when two consumers need the body, as described in MDN’s Fetch API guide.
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Unexpected content types
A successful status does not guarantee that the body is JSON. If the endpoint may return other content, inspect the response’s content type before choosing a parser. Use response.text() for text rather than assuming every successful response can be read as JSON.
How should I handle cancellation?
Pass an AbortSignal to fetch() and call abort() on its controller when the request should stop. Cancellation rejects with an AbortError. It can also affect body consumption after headers have arrived: if the request is aborted before the body is read, that read can reject with AbortError (MDN: Using the Fetch API).
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const controller = new AbortController();
try {
const response = await fetch("/api/items", { signal: controller.signal });
if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}`);
const items = await response.json();
renderItems(items);
} catch (error) {
if (error.name === "AbortError") {
// Handle expected cancellation, such as a replaced search request.
} else {
showError(error);
}
}
// Call when this operation should be cancelled:
controller.abort();Whether an abort should be shown as an error depends on the workflow. In a user interface, cancellation may be expected—for example, when a newer search replaces an older one—while other failures may need to be reported.
What can you diagnose from an opaque response?
A response with type opaque, commonly associated with a no-cors request, exposes limited information: its status is 0, its body is null, and its headers are not readable. That means ordinary status and body checks cannot provide useful details about the underlying response. MDN documents these constraints on Response.type.
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Which failure stage should you handle?
| Failure stage | What Fetch exposes | Application response |
|---|---|---|
| Request-level failure | The fetch() promise rejects, for example on a network error or malformed URL. |
Catch or propagate the rejection; decide whether the operation should be reported or retried. |
| Unsuccessful HTTP status | The promise normally fulfills with a Response; inspect ok or status. |
Branch on the status or throw an application-level error. |
| Body read or parse failure | json() and text() are asynchronous and can reject. |
Keep the body read in the handled promise flow and report parsing or read failures appropriately. |
| Cancellation | Aborting rejects with AbortError; a later body read can also reject after headers arrive. |
Distinguish expected cancellation from failures that should be shown to the user. |
| Opaque response | Status 0, null body, and unreadable headers. |
Recognize that the response provides little diagnostic information. |
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