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In brief: XRP Ledger fees and reserves are different obligations. A transaction fee is paid in drops and destroyed when the transaction is included in a validated ledger. A reserve is XRP that must remain available as an account minimum balance, based on the account itself and the ledger objects it owns. An embedded wallet is an application-layer way to create or access an XRPL account and sign transactions; the protocol does not prescribe one custody or key-management model.
On XRPL Mainnet, the documentation listed a 1 XRP base reserve and a 0.2 XRP owner reserve per qualifying object on October 13, 2026. Those settings can change through validator fee voting, and other networks can use different values. An app should query the connected network instead of hard-coding them.
Fees and reserves answer different questions
When an embedded-wallet user asks, “How much XRP can I spend?”, the wallet must separate three concepts: the account’s total XRP balance, the XRP needed to satisfy current reserve obligations, and the amount left as spendable headroom after a transaction fee. Treating the reserve as a fee, or treating a sponsor’s reserve coverage as an XRP deposit, produces misleading balances.
| Concept | What it is | What happens to the XRP |
|---|---|---|
| Transaction fee | The signed Fee field on a transaction, denominated in drops |
Destroyed when the transaction is included in a validated ledger |
| Base reserve | The minimum balance associated with maintaining a funded account | Remains in the account but is constrained by the minimum-balance rule |
| Owner reserve | An incremental minimum balance for qualifying ledger objects owned by the account | Remains in the account and rises or falls as object ownership changes |
| Sponsored reserve | A ledger-recorded arrangement in which another account bears an eligible reserve obligation | Does not transfer XRP into the sponsee’s wallet |
The protocol definitions are set out in the XRPL reserves documentation and the transaction-cost documentation.
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How XRP Ledger transaction fees work
Fees are signed, paid in drops, and burned
Every XRPL transaction includes a signed Fee amount. Drops are the ledger’s smallest XRP unit: 1 XRP equals 1,000,000 drops. The documented minimum for a standard transaction is currently 10 drops, or 0.00001 XRP. That is a reference minimum, not a permanent guarantee. The required fee can increase when the network is under load.
Because the fee is part of the signed transaction, an application cannot silently change it after signing. If the wallet increases the fee, the transaction must be signed again. This matters for embedded wallets that prepare a transaction in one service and submit it later: a fee quote can become stale while the transaction waits in a queue.
A failed transaction can still consume its fee
A transaction that reaches consensus with a tec result is considered a technically failed transaction, but its fee is still consumed. Wallets should therefore show the fee as at risk once a signed transaction is submitted, not only after a successful business result. Applications should also distinguish a submission error, an unvalidated transaction, and a validated ledger result.
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Who sets the reference cost?
Fee voting lets validator operators express preferences for reference transaction costs and reserve settings. The network adjusts the settings using the median preferences of trusted validators. The Fee Voting documentation lists 10 drops as the recommended reference transaction cost, but live conditions and future votes can change the effective requirement.
How XRPL reserves work
Base reserve plus owner reserve
A funded account needs a base reserve. Each qualifying ledger object can add an owner reserve. The Mainnet values documented on October 13, 2026 were:
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| Setting | Mainnet value stated in the documentation | Qualification |
|---|---|---|
| Base reserve | 1 XRP | Current documented Mainnet setting; subject to fee voting and network changes |
| Owner reserve | 0.2 XRP per qualifying object | Current documented Mainnet setting; subject to change |
For an ordinary, unsponsored account, the simple estimate is:
minimum reserve = current base reserve + (current owner reserve × OwnerCount)
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Objects that can increase the requirement
Objects that may count toward owner reserve include trust lines, offers, escrows, checks, NFTs and related offers or pages, signer lists, tickets, payment channels, deposit preauthorizations, and oracles. The exact count depends on what the account owns and on the object’s ledger rules.
Trust lines are represented by RippleState entries. A trust line can count toward one or both connected accounts depending on which side changed the line from its default state. The RippleState reference describes that attribution. The reserves documentation also describes a special exception for the first two trust lines under its stated conditions, so an app should not assume that every trust line always adds the same amount.
Reserve XRP is not locked in a separate account
Reserve XRP remains part of the account balance; there is no separate reserve wallet. A transaction fee can reduce an account’s XRP below its reserve requirement. Once below reserve, the account cannot send XRP to another account or create new objects that would increase its reserve requirement. It remains on the ledger and can submit transactions that do not perform those actions, as long as it can pay the transaction fee. The behavior and exceptions are documented on the Reserves page.
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How an application reads current fees and reserves
Do not build an embedded-wallet balance screen around fixed constants. Read the settings from the network to which the wallet is connected, and refresh them when the validated ledger changes.
Read decimal XRP values with server_info
The server_info response exposes decimal XRP values such as validated_ledger.reserve_base_xrp and validated_ledger.reserve_inc_xrp. These are convenient for display and calculations that remain in XRP units.
Read drops with server_state
The server_state response exposes the same settings in drops: validated_ledger.reserve_base and validated_ledger.reserve_inc. Using integer drops avoids floating-point rounding in transaction and balance calculations.
Read the account’s object count with account_info
Use account_info to obtain the account’s current OwnerCount and balance. Recalculate the reserve whenever the account creates or deletes a reserve-counted object. A cached count can be wrong after a trust-line change, NFT operation, offer cancellation, or other ledger update.
Track changes with subscribe
The XRPL subscribe method can provide validated-ledger base and incremental reserve values in drops. A service that maintains wallet balances can use those updates to invalidate cached reserve calculations.
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For implementation details, see the Accounts documentation alongside the reserve and subscription references.
What sponsorship changes for an embedded wallet
XRPL sponsorship lets one account, the sponsor, pay eligible fees or bear eligible reserve obligations for another account, the sponsee. The official documentation is explicit: “Sponsorship does not transfer XRP to the sponsee’s wallet.” The sponsee keeps control of its keys and account; the ledger records which account is responsible for the sponsored cost.
Sponsorship requires the Sponsor amendment and must be activated on the relevant network. The fact that the protocol supports it does not mean every embedded-wallet implementation, network, or application offers sponsorship.
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Co-signing
In a co-signing design, the sponsor and sponsee sign the same transaction. The application must collect both signatures before submission. This can remove the need for the new user to hold enough XRP for a covered operation, but it introduces sponsor availability and signing-latency dependencies.
Pre-funding through a sponsorship allocation
In a pre-funding design, the sponsor allocates funds with a SponsorshipSet transaction. Later covered transactions can use that allocation without requiring the sponsor to sign every one. The allocation is still a ledger arrangement, not an XRP transfer to the user’s balance. Product-specific allocation limits, expiration behavior, and failure handling must be verified for the actual implementation.
Self-funded and sponsored onboarding compared
| Question | Self-funded account | Sponsored arrangement |
|---|---|---|
| Who supplies XRP before the user can act? | The user or another ordinary transfer must fund the account and its reserve. | The sponsor can cover eligible reserve obligations, depending on the arrangement and network activation. |
| Who pays the transaction cost? | The account submitting the transaction pays its signed fee. | The sponsor can pay according to the sponsorship arrangement; a co-signed transaction may be required. |
| Who bears reserve obligations for created objects? | The account that owns the objects. | The ledger can assign eligible sponsored obligations to the sponsor. |
| Does the sponsor sign every covered transaction? | Not applicable. | Co-signing requires it; pre-funded allocations can avoid signing each covered transaction. |
| Does the user receive XRP? | Only if XRP is actually transferred to the account. | No. Sponsorship alone does not credit the user’s XRP balance. |
The mechanics and use cases are described in Sponsored Fees and Reserves.
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Show three separate values
- Total balance: the account’s XRP balance reported by the ledger.
- Required reserve: the current base reserve plus applicable owner reserves, adjusted for sponsorship.
- Spendable headroom: the amount available after preserving the required reserve and allowing for the expected transaction fee.
Label these values plainly. Calling the reserve “locked XRP” can imply that it is held elsewhere; calling sponsored reserve “free XRP” can imply a deposit that does not exist.
Quote fees close to signing and submission
Fetch a current fee recommendation immediately before signing, include the selected value in the transaction, and make clear that signing binds that value. If submission is delayed and the network’s load changes, the app should either submit the already signed transaction with its stated fee or create and sign a new transaction. It must not edit the Fee field in place.
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Explain sponsorship at the point of action
For each sponsored operation, show which party covers the transaction fee, which party bears the reserve, whether a sponsor signature is required, and what happens if the sponsor allocation is exhausted. A user should never infer from a zero-XRP starting balance that the account has received an XRP grant.
A practical transaction flow
- Identify the connected network and read its current reserve and fee settings.
- Call
account_infoand read the account balance,OwnerCount, and any fields relevant to sponsorship. - Determine whether the operation creates, deletes, or modifies a reserve-counted object.
- Calculate the post-transaction reserve requirement using live settings and the object state expected after validation.
- Obtain a current fee quote, convert drops correctly, and display the fee separately from reserve XRP.
- Construct the transaction with the chosen
Feeand have the required signer or signers approve it. - Submit the signed transaction and wait for a validated ledger result.
- Refresh account data and reserve settings after validation; do not treat a provisional submission response as the final balance.
Common failure cases and fixes
“Insufficient funds” despite a positive XRP balance
The account may have enough total XRP but not enough spendable headroom after its base reserve, owner reserves, and the transaction fee. Recalculate from live OwnerCount and reserve values, then identify whether an object can be deleted or whether the account needs additional XRP.
The transaction was signed, then rejected after a delay
A load-based fee requirement may have risen, or the transaction may have become unsuitable for another ledger condition. Because the fee is signed, create a fresh transaction with a current fee and sign it again rather than modifying the old blob.
A failed transaction reduced the balance
A validated tec result still consumes the transaction fee. Display the validated result and refresh the balance; do not restore the fee in the interface as though the failure were cost-free.
A sponsored user still sees zero XRP
That is expected when the sponsor covers reserve or fee responsibility without transferring XRP. Show the sponsorship status and the user’s actual ledger balance separately.
The account cannot create another object
It may be below its current reserve requirement. The account can remain on ledger, but it cannot send XRP or create additional reserve-increasing objects until its balance and sponsorship status provide sufficient headroom.
Custody and key-management boundaries
“Embedded wallet” describes where wallet functionality appears in an application, not a single custody model. An implementation might generate keys locally, use a secure service, rely on user-controlled signing, or combine those approaches. XRPL’s fee and reserve rules do not choose among them. Document who can sign, where keys are stored, how recovery works, and whether a sponsor can co-sign, independently of the protocol’s reserve mechanics.
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The reliable rule is to treat fees as destroyed transaction costs and reserves as dynamic balance requirements. Query the connected network, count the account’s actual objects, account for sponsorship explicitly, and present spendable XRP only after those obligations and the expected fee have been deducted.
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