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You can map an Artemis II Moon image in QGIS only if its product has usable lunar location metadata—or if you can justify a separate georeferencing method. Start by checking the image’s PDS4 label, then add independently sourced lunar context or measurement layers, confirm their coordinate systems, and style each layer according to what it represents. A photo of a named crater is not automatically a georeferenced map layer.
Choose an image source for browsing or mapping
NASA’s Artemis II lunar science archive became available through the Planetary Data System (PDS) on October 7, 2026. NASA announced more than 800 GB of data, including more than 11,000 full-resolution lunar images and videos, crew audio, and annotated imagery. The first archive delivery includes handheld and Orion camera imagery, video, audio with transcripts and crew annotations, environmental logger measurements, and mission documents. The PDS Geosciences Node’s release note said the SPICE bundle was delayed at that time, so do not assume it is part of the first delivery.
For quick browsing, NASA’s Johnson Space Center Earth Observations Laboratory (EOL) collection has separate Earth, Moon, and eclipse image collections. Its default images are lossy JPEG conversions; original camera raw files can be requested from individual image pages while processing continues. For a mapping task that depends on scientific metadata, use the PDS products and their labels rather than treating a browse image as a complete science product.
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| EOL Moon collection | Browsing scenes and selecting candidate images | Default images are lossy JPEGs. Raw files may be requested on individual image pages; availability depends on the page and processing status. |
| PDS handheld-camera products | Examining products and associated science metadata | Keep the product identifier and label with the image. Check the actual label for spatial metadata; coverage is not universal. |
| PDS Orion-camera products | Viewing raw Orion camera imagery and video | The PDS record describes raw visible-wavelength surface imaging with the Moon as target. Do not assume a raw image has a GIS-ready transform. |
NASA’s October 7, 2026 PDS release notice and the PDS product record describe the archive and Orion collection; NASA’s EOL collection page describes the browse-image and raw-file distinction.
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Check whether the image can be located on the Moon
NASA’s Artemis II Lunar Science Data User Guide, dated October 6, 2026, describes control points and corner coordinates in PDS4 labels for a subset of Nikon Moon images. Inspect the label for the specific product you plan to use. Look for the available control points, corner coordinates, footprint, and coordinate-system details; do not infer a valid footprint from a crater name, a caption, or a published composite.
The guide gives two coverage figures that describe different things: metadata with control points and corner coordinates is included for 3,687 Nikon Moon images, while a footprint-analysis figure reports that 3,101 of 10,339 Nikon images—about 30%—could be georeferenced. These are not interchangeable counts, and neither is a positional-accuracy statistic.
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- Usable footprint and coordinates: the image may be placed as a raster if its file and metadata provide a compatible geotransform, or after the location information is converted into a GIS-readable form.
- Control points but no valid footprint: the points may support another transformation method, but do not treat the missing footprint as proof of a complete image boundary.
- No usable spatial metadata: keep the photo in a linked image catalog, or georeference it only if reliable ground control points and a defensible transformation are available.
The consulted documentation does not establish that QGIS directly reads every PDS4 image-label combination. If the image lacks a GIS-readable transform, you may need to convert the label’s coordinates into a point, footprint, or control-point layer before overlaying it. Preserve the original image and label, and record any conversion and georeferencing choices.
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- Keep product identity with the data. Save the source filename and PDS product identifier with each layer. Keep the label alongside the image so that later users can distinguish a raw photograph from a processed or browse product.
- Load the image and its location data. Add a GIS-readable image and, where needed, a converted footprint or control-point layer. Confirm that the extent and coordinates are plausible for the lunar location described by the product metadata.
- Inspect the declared CRS and units for every layer. Use a project CRS appropriate to the lunar data and make sure the image footprint and context layers refer to the same coordinate body and convention. NASA’s guide describes the image-geolocation coordinates as the Moon IAU 2000 system on a sphere with a 1,737.4 km semi-major-axis radius and zero flattening.
- Distinguish CRS assignment from reprojection. QGIS’s documentation distinguishes assigning a CRS to correct missing or incorrect layer information from transforming coordinates into another CRS. Setting a layer’s CRS does not reproject its coordinates. QGIS can render layers on the fly in a project, but that does not repair wrongly declared source coordinates.
- Save a project that documents its inputs. Keep source identifiers and any converted spatial files with the project, and note the coordinate system and processing steps used. That makes the overlay traceable instead of leaving its location dependent on an unexplained visual adjustment.
The CRS and raster-renderer concepts here follow the QGIS 3.40 documentation, which is marked end of life. Interface labels can change between QGIS releases; check the installed version’s documentation for current menu names.
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Add lunar context and measurements as separate layers
NASA’s Orientale example demonstrates the value of comparing crew images with independently sourced lunar data. Its illustrated stack combines an LRO camera image with LOLA topography and roughness, Diviner-derived rock abundance, and LOLA-derived surface brightness. These are distinct image or measurement products—not interchangeable versions of the astronaut photograph.
Use the relevant PDS or LRO data product for an analysis layer. The Orientale report explains the provenance of its displayed layers but does not provide a complete download recipe for each raster or a ready-to-load QGIS project. Do not digitize or download the report’s rendered composite and present it as the original measurement layers.
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| Layer in the Orientale example | Source or interpretation | How to treat it in a project |
|---|---|---|
| LRO camera image | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter imagery | Use as image context, separate from the Artemis II photograph. |
| Topography and roughness | LOLA laser-altimeter products | Keep topography and roughness identified as different variables, with units and source metadata from the selected products. |
| Rock abundance | Estimate derived from LRO Diviner thermal measurements | Label it as a derived estimate, not a direct image or a direct LOLA measurement. |
| Surface brightness | Derived from LOLA laser-altimeter data | Keep its product provenance distinct from elevation, roughness, and camera imagery. |
For each downloaded raster, record its source product, variable, units, coordinate system, projection, resolution, coverage, and whether it is a direct observation or a derived estimate. Those details depend on the particular product; do not infer them from the visual appearance of NASA’s composite.
Render images and measurements according to their meaning
- Color photograph with multiple bands: use a multiband color renderer when the file contains the appropriate color bands.
- Monochrome image or context raster: use a single-band gray renderer where that matches the data.
- Continuous measurement surface: use single-band pseudocolor or gray for variables such as elevation or roughness. Choose a ramp that makes the data readable, and include the measurement name and units in the legend.
- Layer that needs to show through: adjust raster opacity rather than changing the source values. The QGIS raster documentation describes opacity as a display setting.
A color ramp is a visual encoding, not a change to the measurement. Keep numeric values available and make the legend clear enough that viewers can tell which raster and variable they are reading.
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Validate the overlay and state its limits
NASA’s guide says the image-geolocation method matches crew images to illumination-adjusted lunar basemap tiles, derives control points between pixels and known positions, and fits an affine transform. The guide notes that tie points are initially found on resized 518-by-518-pixel images and then scaled to full dimensions, which loses precision. An affine fit is limited for strongly curved scenes: parts of an image may align while other areas do not. Non-lunar corners can be undefined, and full-disk views can yield invalid footprint coordinates; in some cases the footprint is omitted even when control points remain.
Check an overlay against multiple identifiable landmarks rather than judging it from one point or from visual resemblance alone. If the documentation or checks indicate that the fit is approximate, describe it as approximate; do not report a ground-distance accuracy that the metadata does not establish. If reliable control points are unavailable, leave the image unlocated rather than stretching it by eye to fit a basemap.
The Moon’s terminator—the boundary between lunar day and night—can be useful when interpreting terrain because low-angle illumination creates long shadows that reveal topography. NASA’s 2026 report says Artemis II crew members observed the Moon from Orion windows for approximately seven hours. Those observations and lighting conditions help explain why imagery can be visually informative, but they do not establish that a particular photograph has valid coordinates.
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