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Verify an Arch Linux package according to where it came from. For an official repository package, pacman’s required OpenPGP signature check is the primary control. For a local archive, also inspect its detached signature, signer, metadata, and file list. For an AUR recipe, audit the entire PKGBUILD and its checksums before running makepkg. For an installation image, verify the ISO’s detached signature before writing it to removable media.
A signature failure is a stop condition, not an invitation to disable verification. Repair the clock, keyring, mirror, or cached download, then retry.
What package verification proves
Package verification answers two different questions:
- Integrity: did the bytes arrive unchanged?
- Authenticity: did the expected project or maintainer sign those bytes?
A cryptographic checksum detects accidental or deliberate changes when you already know the trusted checksum. An OpenPGP signature additionally binds the artifact to a signing key. You still have to decide whether that key belongs to the project or maintainer you intended to trust.
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Arch uses different trust paths for different artifacts. Official repository packages are signed for pacman. AUR packages are build recipes rather than pre-vetted binaries, and makepkg checks source signatures with your user PGP keyring rather than pacman’s keyring. ISO images have a detached signature published with the release files.
| Artifact | Primary trust source | What you must inspect | Safe failure response |
|---|---|---|---|
| Official repository package | Arch packager or master-key chain used by pacman | pacman signature, trusted key, current keyring, full-system state | Stop; fix time, keyring, mirror, or cache and retry |
| Local package archive | Expected publisher’s detached signature and fingerprint | LocalFileSigLevel, signature, package metadata, file list |
Do not install until provenance is established |
| AUR or locally built package | PKGBUILD source declarations, checksums, upstream signatures, maintainer key | Every executable function, downloaded source, checksum array, install script, resulting archive | Stop the build and investigate unexpected behavior |
| Arch ISO | Official release signer key and detached ISO signature | ISO, matching .sig, release-key file, verification result |
Do not boot or write the image if verification fails |
Prepare pacman’s trust database
Pacman stores the keys used to verify signed packages and databases in its own keyring. On a new installation, initialize and populate that keyring before installing packages:
- Run
sudo pacman-key --initto create the local pacman keyring. - Run
sudo pacman-key --populate archlinux(or the populate target documented by your distribution) to load Arch’s signing keys. - Keep the
archlinux-keyringpackage current. An old keyring can make a newly signed package appear to have an unknown, expired, or invalid key. - Check that the system clock is correct, including the time zone and synchronization status. A clock that is too far ahead or behind can make an otherwise valid key appear expired or not yet valid.
The pacman-key command is a wrapper around GnuPG for managing pacman’s keyring. It is separate from the user keyring used by makepkg; importing a key into one does not automatically import it into the other.
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1. Use a coherent system state
Arch is a rolling distribution. Refresh package databases and perform a complete upgrade with:
sudo pacman -SyuDo not perform a partial upgrade by refreshing databases or installing a package while leaving the rest of the system at an unrelated version. Dependencies, package metadata, and signatures are maintained as a coherent rolling system.
2. Require package signatures
Open /etc/pacman.conf and confirm that the global signature policy requires package signatures. The documented equivalent is:
SigLevel = Required DatabaseOptionalRequired makes a package without a valid signature a fatal error. DatabaseOptional allows unsigned repository databases when configured that way; it does not make an unsigned package acceptable. A repository-specific SigLevel line can override the global setting, so inspect the repository sections as well as the global option.
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Never treat a successful download as proof that a package is trusted. Pacman should report a valid signature from a trusted Arch packager key before it commits the transaction.
3. Read the transaction result
When you run a normal installation such as sudo pacman -S package-name, stop if pacman reports any of the following:
- missing signature;
- unknown or untrusted signing key;
- invalid signature;
- bad or corrupted package data.
Arch’s package-signature policy treats an absent required signature or an invalid signature as a fatal error. Do not answer the prompt by changing SigLevel to Never or by forcing the transaction. The error means the trust decision is incomplete.
Check a local package archive before pacman -U
A file ending in .pkg.tar.zst can be a package downloaded from a trusted publisher, a package built on your own machine, or an arbitrary attachment. The filename and a successful pacman -U command do not establish its origin.
Confirm the source and detached signature
Obtain the archive and its detached signature from the same trusted publisher or repository. An arbitrary mirror or forum attachment is not equivalent to an official repository package. Check the signer’s full fingerprint against the project’s documented fingerprint; a matching name alone is insufficient.
Inspect the active LocalFileSigLevel in /etc/pacman.conf. Local-file policy can differ from remote repository policy, and Arch’s default behavior may permit locally built packages without signatures. Therefore, a successful local installation is not proof of provenance when no signature was required.
If the publisher supplies a detached signature, keep it with the archive and have pacman verify it under the configured local-file policy. If the signature is missing, invalid, or made by an unexpected key, do not install the file.
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Inspect metadata and contents without installing
Use pacman’s query modes to review what the archive claims to be and what it would place on disk:
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pacman -Qip ./name.pkg.tar.zst
pacman -Qlp ./name.pkg.tar.zst-Qip displays package information such as name, version, architecture, dependencies, packager, and description. -Qlp lists the paths contained in the archive. Look for an unexpected package name or architecture, a version unrelated to the release you intended, files under sensitive locations, or executables and service units you did not expect.
Metadata inspection complements, but does not replace, signature verification. A maliciously built archive can contain plausible metadata; the signature and signer identity are what establish who produced it.
Audit an AUR PKGBUILD or local build recipe
An AUR package is a recipe that tells makepkg what to download, execute, compile, and install. It is not a binary that Arch has pre-vetted. Read the complete PKGBUILD before executing it, even when the package has many users or a familiar name.
Read every executable section
Pay particular attention to:
source, including URLs, local files, archives, and VCS locations;sha256sums,b2sums, or another configured checksum array;prepare(), where patches and generated files may be introduced;build(), where arbitrary commands compile or generate software;check(), which may run tests or other commands;package(), which copies files into the package directory;- any
.installscript or service-enablement logic.
Search for unexpected network access, shell commands unrelated to the claimed software, obfuscated text, prebuilt binaries substituted for source, writes outside $pkgdir, changes to user data, and install scripts that alter services or system configuration. A recipe can be syntactically valid while still doing something you did not intend.
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For every fixed source, confirm that the PKGBUILD contains a matching checksum in the appropriate integrity array. The makepkg manual documents these arrays as the mechanism used to verify source-file integrity. A checksum mismatch should stop the build; do not replace the expected value merely to make the command continue.
SKIP entries remove that checksum check. Treat them as an explicit risk decision requiring manual inspection of the source and its retrieval method.
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Validate upstream signatures when available
When upstream publishes a detached signature, the PKGBUILD should list the signature file, such as a .sig, .asc, or .sign file, in source. It should also set validpgpkeys to the complete expected fingerprints. makepkg verifies those signatures with the user’s PGP keyring, not pacman’s keyring.
That distinction matters: a package can pass pacman’s later installation check while the original source-validation step was weak, especially if the package was built locally without a package signature. Import and trust an upstream key only after confirming its fingerprint through the project’s authoritative release information.
Treat changing sources as higher risk
VCS recipes such as -git or -svn, unpinned branches, and sources that download changing content deserve extra review. Check which commit or revision is selected, whether the recipe pins it, and whether the resulting source can change between builds. Build in a clean, disposable directory so that files from another project or an old build cannot silently influence the result.
Inspect the package produced by makepkg
After the build completes, query the resulting archive with pacman -Qip and pacman -Qlp before installing it. Compare the package name, version, architecture, dependencies, file paths, desktop entries, systemd units, hooks, and configuration files with what the recipe claims to produce. Install only after both the recipe and the resulting archive make sense.
Checksums, signatures, and keyrings: what each layer does
| Control | Protects against | Does not prove |
|---|---|---|
| Checksum array in a PKGBUILD | Unexpected changes to a downloaded source file | That the source author is trustworthy or that the recipe itself is safe |
| Detached OpenPGP source signature | Whether the source was signed by the expected upstream key | That the key was obtained or trusted correctly |
| Pacman package signature | Whether the package archive was signed by a key trusted by pacman | That the package’s software is bug-free or that a manually trusted key is legitimate |
| Metadata and file-list review | Unexpected names, paths, architecture, or installed components | Hidden behavior inside an expected executable |
| Clean, disposable build directory | Accidental contamination from previous files or builds | Malicious commands present in the current PKGBUILD |
Use the layers together. A checksum is not a substitute for a signature, and a signature is not a substitute for reading executable build instructions.
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Handle a signature error as a diagnostic workflow rather than a bypass request.
1. Check the clock
Verify UTC or local time synchronization first. An incorrect clock can make a valid signing key appear expired or not yet valid. Correct the time, then retry the original transaction.
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2. Refresh the Arch keyring through a trusted path
Update archlinux-keyring using a trusted repository path or other documented recovery method, then retry a complete pacman -Syu. Do not import an unverified key file from an unknown site simply because it makes the error disappear.
3. Redownload a suspect package
A damaged cached file can fail signature or decompression checks repeatedly. Remove the suspect cached package, download it again from the configured repository, and retry. Repeating the same damaged file does not repair it.
4. Check mirror and repository configuration
Confirm that mirror URLs and repository sections in /etc/pacman.conf are the expected Arch configuration. A stale, misconfigured, or unofficial mirror can provide incomplete databases or files that do not match the trusted metadata.
5. Do not disable the protection
SigLevel = Never and --skippgpcheck disable a security layer. They are not normal repair commands. If controlled diagnosis requires a temporary exception, document exactly what was changed, isolate the test, restore the required policy immediately, and never use the resulting artifact as evidence that the original package was trusted.
Verify an Arch Linux ISO before booting it
ISO verification follows the same model as package verification but uses files published for the specific release: the ISO, its detached signature, and the official release-key file.
- Download the ISO, matching
.sig, and release-key file from the official Arch download location. - Keep the filenames matched to the same release and architecture. Do not verify one version with another version’s signature.
- Run the documented
sqverification command, replacing the version placeholder with the downloaded release:
sq verify --signer-file release-key.pgp --signature-file archlinux-<version>-x86_64.iso.sig archlinux-<version>-x86_64.iso- Proceed only when the command reports a valid signature from the expected release signer.
- If verification fails, redownload all three files and check that the release-key file itself came from the official source. Do not write an unverified image to USB or boot it on a machine you intend to protect.
An equivalent GnuPG workflow is possible, but the essential requirements are unchanged: the signature must match the exact ISO and the signer must be an expected release key.
Quick Recap
A practical pre-install checklist
- Identify the artifact: repository package, local archive, AUR recipe, VCS checkout, or ISO.
- Identify the trust source: Arch signing keys, a known upstream release key, or a declared AUR maintainer fingerprint.
- Confirm the system clock and keyring are current.
- For repositories, use
pacman -Syuand a required package-signature policy. - For local archives, check
LocalFileSigLevel, obtain the detached signature, verify the signer fingerprint, and inspectpacman -Qipandpacman -Qlpoutput. - For AUR recipes, read every function, validate checksums, inspect upstream signatures and
validpgpkeys, and treatSKIPand VCS sources as higher risk. - Build unfamiliar recipes in a clean disposable directory.
- For ISOs, verify the exact image with its matching detached signature and release key before writing media.
- Stop on missing, unknown, expired, or invalid signatures; repair the cause instead of bypassing the check.
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