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Safely rendering generated UI means treating the output as untrusted data, not as code. Parse a serialized component description, validate it against a narrow, versioned schema, map approved component IDs to components you control, and render ordinary values through your framework’s escaping rules. Reject unknown structures, constrain URLs, keep authorization on the server, and test the rendered result at real viewport, keyboard, and screen-reader paths.
This approach supports AI-generated interfaces and other runtime-generated screens without handing generated text the ability to inject markup, import modules, or perform privileged actions. It also gives you a clear failure mode: an invalid description becomes a safe fallback or useful error instead of a partially trusted interface.
What “dynamically generated UI” should mean
A generated interface should be a data document that describes presentation, not executable source code. A payload might identify a card, heading, list, form field, or button and provide the text and constrained properties needed to render it. Your application remains responsible for component code, event handlers, data fetching, permissions, and side effects.
That separation matters because a model, remote service, user, or compromised upstream system can return values that are malformed, misleading, or deliberately hostile. A syntactically valid payload can still contain a phishing URL, an inaccessible control, an oversized tree, or a button that appears to grant an operation the caller is not allowed to perform. Schema validation is the first boundary; it is not a complete security or accessibility proof.
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Use a contract that describes the exact object your client accepts. The OpenAI plugin reference describes output schemas as a way to specify the precise object returned so clients can validate it: OpenAI Plugins reference. The registry and policy decisions below are practical implementation guidance built around that contract.
Design a narrow, versioned component contract
Choose a small vocabulary
Start with the components your product genuinely needs. For example, an initial registry might contain text, heading, stack, card, link, and button. Each identifier maps to an implementation that is shipped with your application. Do not let generated data name an arbitrary JavaScript module, React component, event handler, or import path.
Keep the top-level shape explicit. A useful envelope includes a schema version, a root node, and optional metadata that has no authority over security decisions:
{
"version": 1,
"root": {
"type": "card",
"props": {
"title": "Release notes",
"body": "Read the latest changes.",
"href": "/docs/releases"
},
"children": []
}
}Every field should have a defined type, required/optional status, maximum size, and allowed values. If a property is not part of the contract, reject it or remove it during normalization rather than passing it through “just in case.” Unknown fields often become accidental future attack surfaces.
Version the schema deliberately
Include a numeric or string version and validate it before traversing the tree. A new version can add a component or change a property without silently changing the meaning of old payloads. Support only versions that the deployed client understands; return a controlled “unsupported UI version” state for everything else.
Separate content from behavior
Generated text can populate a label or description, but it must not become executable code. Represent actions as identifiers such as save_draft or open_help from a fixed action catalog. The identifier is a request for your application to consider; it is never an authorization grant. Do not accept generated JavaScript, callback names, SQL, shell commands, or module paths as component properties.
Use explicit constraints
Constraints should cover nesting, collection sizes, string lengths, numeric ranges, and enum values. The following limits are illustrative policy choices, not limits mandated by a platform:
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- Set a maximum tree depth and maximum node count appropriate to the device and screen.
- Cap text length, list items, and option counts to prevent denial-of-service behavior and unusable layouts.
- Permit only documented prop names and reject values with the wrong type.
- Require unique keys or stable IDs where your rendering framework needs them.
- Reject cyclic references, even if the input format could represent them.
Fail closed when a structural check cannot be completed. A safe fallback can explain that the content could not be displayed and offer a normal, trusted navigation path.
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Validate before any component is rendered
Validation should happen on the serialized payload before it reaches JSX, templates, DOM APIs, or an action dispatcher. A robust pipeline is:
- Receive data, not source. Accept JSON or another data format. Never evaluate generated JavaScript and never compile a generated template as part of rendering.
- Parse safely. Handle malformed serialization, unexpected encodings, and excessively large input without crashing the host.
- Validate the envelope. Check the version, root presence, and exact top-level keys.
- Walk the tree. At every node, verify the type, allowed props, child rules, depth, and cumulative size.
- Normalize. Convert accepted values to the canonical representation your components expect. Do not “repair” dangerous values by guessing their intent.
- Apply independent trust checks. Validate URL properties, action identifiers, and any resource references with their own policies.
- Render only the accepted result. Pass the normalized object to a fixed registry. Invalid input goes to a fallback or an error state.
Validation libraries can reduce boilerplate, but the important property is the contract and the rejection behavior. Unit-test both valid examples and adversarial payloads: unknown types, extra props, deeply nested nodes, huge strings, invalid Unicode, duplicate IDs, malformed URLs, and action names outside the catalog.
An illustrative TypeScript shape
type UiNode =
| { type: 'text'; props: { value: string } }
| { type: 'heading'; props: { level: 1 | 2 | 3; value: string } }
| { type: 'link'; props: { label: string; href: string } }
| { type: 'button'; props: { label: string; action: 'save_draft' | 'open_help' } }
| { type: 'stack'; props: { direction: 'row' | 'column' }; children: UiNode[] }
| { type: 'card'; props: { title: string; body?: string; href?: string }; children?: UiNode[] };The type definition helps your implementation, but runtime validation is still required because data arriving over a network is not made trustworthy by a compile-time type.
Map accepted IDs to trusted components
Use an allowlisted registry rather than dynamic lookup. The registry is the point where untrusted data becomes a choice among code paths you have reviewed:
const registry = {
text: TextView,
heading: HeadingView,
link: LinkView,
button: ActionButton,
stack: StackView,
card: CardView
} as const;
function RenderNode({ node }: { node: UiNode }) {
const Component = registry[node.type];
if (!Component) return <SafeFallback reason='unsupported component' />;
return <Component {...node.props} children={node.children} />;
}In production, the validator should guarantee that node.type is a key in the registry before this function runs. Keep the registry static or explicitly configured by trusted application code. Never do the equivalent of import(node.type), call a generated function name, or spread an unvalidated object into a component that has security-sensitive props.
Normalize props before they reach the component. For example, convert a validated heading level to one of three known values, trim a label only according to your content policy, and remove fields that are not accepted by that component. Components should also use narrow prop types so a value intended for one context cannot accidentally reach another.
Render values through the framework, not HTML strings
React’s normal rendering treats a string as text. Preserve that behavior by passing generated strings as ordinary values or as children. Do not concatenate generated content into an HTML string and send it to dangerouslySetInnerHTML. React’s documentation warns: “This is dangerous. Unless the markup is coming from a completely trusted source, it is trivial to introduce an XSS vulnerability.” See React common components documentation.
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For example, this is the safe pattern for a generated message:
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function Message({ value }: { value: string }) {
return <p>{value}</p>;
}It is not safe to interpolate the same value into a markup string:
// Do not do this with generated or user-controlled content
const html = '<p>' + value + '</p>';
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First ask whether a small structured format can meet the need: paragraphs, emphasis, links, and lists can each be represented as validated nodes. If arbitrary rich HTML is unavoidable, put the sink in one narrowly reviewed component and sanitize with a maintained, allowlist-based sanitizer. Allow only the elements and attributes your product needs, remove event-handler attributes, and apply URL checks to link and resource attributes as well. Sanitization is not a substitute for schema validation; it is an additional boundary for the one place where HTML is accepted.
Do not assume that escaping text makes every prop safe. Raw HTML sinks and URL-valued attributes have different failure modes and require separate controls, as summarized in the React web security guidance.
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Treat URLs as an independent trust boundary
A URL can be structurally valid and still be dangerous. Validate every generated value before using it in href, src, navigation, redirects, or a resource prop.
- Parse the value with a standards-compliant URL implementation.
- Allow only schemes required by the specific component. For ordinary links, that usually means approved
httpsdestinations and controlled relative paths; addmailtoor another scheme only when the feature needs it. - Explicitly reject
javascript:and be cautious withdata:, which can carry executable or unexpectedly large content. - Where possible, prefer same-site relative paths such as
/docs/releases. - Use a host allowlist for external links or resource loads when the product has a known set of destinations.
- Fail closed: replace an invalid URL with a non-link state or a safe, trusted destination.
The security guidance linked above recommends scheme and host constraints and specifically calls out blocking risky schemes. Apply the policy per context: an image source, navigation link, download, and iframe have different acceptable destinations. Do not validate once and reuse the result in a more privileged context.
function safeHref(raw: string, origin: string): string | null {
try {
const url = new URL(raw, origin);
if (url.protocol !== 'https:' && url.protocol !== 'http:') return null;
if (url.origin !== origin) return null; // change only with an explicit host allowlist
return url.pathname + url.search + url.hash;
} catch {
return null;
}
}The example intentionally allows only same-origin HTTP(S) URLs. If your application must support external destinations, replace the same-origin check with a documented allowlist and test the parser against mixed-case schemes, encoded characters, credentials, unusual ports, and redirect behavior.
Keep authorization and sensitive actions out of presentation
A generated button that says “Delete account” does not prove that deletion is allowed, and hiding a button does not revoke permission. Enforce authorization in the server-side handler, API, or tool implementation that performs the operation. Recheck the caller, resource, and current state when the action is invoked.
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This separation also improves portability. OpenAI’s MCP Apps guidance says the underlying tool workflow should remain useful even when a host does not render the custom UI. Read Add UI to your MCP server for the platform-specific integration model. A text or structured response should still communicate the result, while the UI remains an optional presentation layer.
Handle invalid, excessive, or unavailable UI gracefully
Generated content will sometimes be incomplete or unavailable. Decide the behavior before shipping:
- Malformed payload: show a stable error state and log a redacted validation reason.
- Unsupported version or component: show a fallback representation rather than attempting a best-effort import.
- Invalid URL: render the label as text or omit the link.
- Unknown action: disable the control and provide an explanation that does not expose internal details.
- Too many nodes or excessive text: stop traversal and offer a bounded fallback.
- Host lacks the custom renderer: return the tool’s normal structured or textual result.
- Network or resource failure: preserve the surrounding page and provide retry or alternate navigation.
Log enough information to diagnose the producer and schema version, but avoid storing secrets, access tokens, or unredacted personal content. Metrics can count validation failures by reason and version without turning the log into a copy of user input.
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A payload can pass validation and still produce a broken interface. Acceptance testing must inspect the actual DOM and interaction behavior at the viewport sizes your product supports.
Layout and responsive behavior
Check mobile and desktop widths, long translations, large text settings, narrow containers, and zoom. Look for overflow, clipped content, overlapping controls, unstable fixed-format elements, and focus indicators that disappear. OpenAI’s UI guidance recommends content that fits on mobile and desktop and avoids overlap; see UI guidelines and the frontend prompt instructions. Those documents provide practical design guidance, not a guarantee that following it alone establishes accessibility conformance.
Keyboard and assistive technology
Every interactive element must be reachable and operable with a keyboard, with a visible focus state and a logical order. Use semantic buttons for actions and links for navigation. Give controls meaningful accessible names, associate errors and descriptions with their fields, and expose state such as expanded, selected, or busy when it changes. React supports aria-* attributes as accessibility-tree information; the correct semantic element, name, state, and interaction pattern still depend on your implementation. The relevant React documentation is here.
Test generated combinations, not only hand-authored examples. A heading without a following region, a button whose label is only an icon, or a dialog with no focus management can all arise from otherwise valid data. Include screen-reader checks and keyboard-only passes in the acceptance criteria.
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Review whether generated labels make truthful claims, whether links identify their destination, and whether warnings or destructive actions are unmistakable. Schema validation cannot establish that content is accurate or semantically appropriate; moderation, business rules, and human review may be needed for high-impact interfaces.
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MCP Apps integration: keep platform contracts separate
For a ChatGPT-compatible MCP Apps integration, associate the tool with its UI resource through the _meta.ui.resourceUri metadata field and use the shared bridge where the host provides one. The exact resource, isolation, and bridge behavior is platform-specific; consult the current MCP UI guide and plugin reference for the host contract.
Do not confuse that metadata association with permission to perform an action. The tool remains the authoritative place for validation, authorization, and side effects. Design a useful non-UI response so another host, an older client, or a blocked renderer can still complete the workflow. Other hosts may define different resource and bridge contracts, so keep the renderer’s security assumptions local to each integration.
Implementation choices compared
| Decision axis | Preferred approach | Riskier alternative | What to verify |
|---|---|---|---|
| Representation | Structured data rendered by trusted components | Generated HTML inserted into the DOM | No raw markup sink receives untrusted content |
| Schema handling | Versioned, strict validation with rejection | Permissive pass-through and silent coercion | Unknown types, props, depth, and sizes fail predictably |
| Component selection | Static registry of reviewed implementations | Dynamic imports or generated function names | Data cannot choose executable code |
| URL policy | Context-specific scheme and host allowlists | Arbitrary destinations from generated strings | javascript:, risky data:, and unapproved hosts are rejected |
| Permissions | Server-side authorization on every action | Hidden or disabled controls treated as security | Direct API calls receive the same authorization checks |
| Host behavior | UI enhances a useful underlying tool response | Workflow works only in one custom renderer | Fallback host can still complete or understand the operation |
| Quality assurance | Measured viewport, keyboard, and screen-reader behavior | Schema-only or screenshot-only review | Rendered combinations remain usable and accessible |
A practical test and release checklist
- Document the schema, version policy, component registry, action catalog, and URL rules.
- Test parser failures, unknown fields, invalid enums, huge values, deep nesting, duplicate IDs, and malformed encodings.
- Prove that strings render as text and that the application has no uncontrolled HTML injection path.
- Exercise every URL-valued prop with relative paths, approved hosts, unapproved hosts, alternate casing, credentials, ports, and dangerous schemes.
- Invoke actions directly through the API as well as through the UI to verify server-side authorization.
- Run generated examples at mobile and desktop widths, with zoom and large text, and inspect overflow and overlap.
- Complete keyboard-only and screen-reader passes, including focus movement, names, descriptions, errors, and state changes.
- Verify the safe fallback for each rejection class and make sure it does not leak internal validation details.
- For MCP deployments, test a host that renders the UI and one that uses only the underlying tool response.
- Review logs and telemetry for sensitive-data leakage before enabling broad rollout.
Common mistakes and their fixes
“The schema passed, so the UI is safe.”
Shape validation says that the data matches your contract. It does not prove that a URL is acceptable, that content is truthful, that a user is authorized, or that the resulting controls are accessible. Add the URL, authorization, content, and rendered-behavior checks described above.
“React escapes everything.”
Ordinary text rendering is safer, but raw HTML sinks and URL-valued attributes still need controls. Avoid dangerouslySetInnerHTML for generated content and apply a separate URL policy.
“We can hide a dangerous button.”
Presentation is not authorization. Enforce permission in the operation that changes data, and assume a caller can invoke that operation without your UI.
“Unknown components can fall back to a dynamic import.”
That turns data into code selection. Keep the registry explicit and return a fallback for an unsupported component or schema version.
“Accessibility can be fixed after launch.”
Generated combinations multiply the ways a layout or name can fail. Make viewport, keyboard, and assistive-technology behavior part of acceptance before the payload is considered renderable.
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