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ProxySQL sits between your Ubuntu application and one or more MySQL servers. The application connects to ProxySQL’s MySQL listener (commonly port 6033); ProxySQL chooses a backend from configured hostgroups, applies health checks and query rules, and can keep writes on a primary while sending selected reads to replicas.
A reliable setup has three separate operations for every change: edit ProxySQL’s configuration tables, load the change into runtime, and save it to disk. The Admin interface normally listens on 127.0.0.1:6032. If you omit the runtime or disk step, traffic will not use the change or it will disappear after a restart.
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ProxySQL is a MySQL-compatible proxy and connection router. Your application does not connect directly to each database host. Instead, it opens a normal MySQL connection to ProxySQL, which selects a backend server according to hostgroup membership, user defaults, query rules, server health, weights and replication state.
This indirection lets you add or remove backends without changing application connection strings. It also gives you one place to observe connection pools and query digests, enforce routing policy, and take an unhealthy or lagging server out of service.
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- Client side: applications and administrative clients connect to ProxySQL’s traffic listener, commonly
6033. - ProxySQL side: the proxy authenticates the client, evaluates the user’s default hostgroup and query rules, then selects an eligible backend.
- Database side: ProxySQL opens pooled connections to MySQL servers, normally on port
3306, and monitors connectivity, ping response, read-only state and replication lag.
ProxySQL does not turn asynchronous MySQL replication into synchronous consistency. Read-after-write behavior, transaction boundaries and session state still need to be designed for your application.
ProxySQL ports and interfaces
| Purpose | Port | What connects there |
|---|---|---|
| MySQL-protocol Admin interface | 6032 |
Administrative MySQL clients on the management interface; the documented default is 127.0.0.1:6032. |
| MySQL traffic interface | 6033 |
Applications and clients that should be load-balanced by ProxySQL; this is the default shown in the configuration example. |
| PostgreSQL-protocol Admin interface | 6132 |
Administrative clients using ProxySQL’s PostgreSQL-protocol interface. |
| Backend MySQL | 3306 in the example |
ProxySQL’s connections to each MySQL server; use the actual port if a backend is configured differently. |
Keep the Admin interface restricted to a management address or localhost. The documented example uses the credentials admin/admin only to demonstrate a connection; replace them before production and do not expose the Admin port to untrusted networks.
Install and start ProxySQL on Ubuntu
Choose a package that matches Ubuntu
Install the ProxySQL package built for the Ubuntu release and CPU architecture of the host that will run the proxy. The package source and repository details change over time, so use the current package instructions for your Ubuntu release rather than copying a package intended for another distribution or release.
After installation, verify that the binary is available and record the installed version:
proxysql --versionThe current ProxySQL documentation page used for the command examples displays version v3.0.5, codename Truls. That is an example of the documentation version output, not a statement that every Ubuntu package currently installs that version.
Start the service
Use Ubuntu’s service manager to start ProxySQL, then check the service status using your normal system-service tooling. The official first-steps guide documents these service commands:
service proxysql start
service proxysql stop
service proxysql restartOn a new installation, the service creates and uses its SQLite database. The file /etc/proxysql.cnf is not the continuing source of truth after first startup; later administrative changes are made through the Admin interface and persisted in ProxySQL’s database.
Connect to the Admin interface
Use a MySQL client against port 6032 to configure ProxySQL:
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mysql -u admin -padmin -h 127.0.0.1 -P6032 --prompt='Admin> 'When using MySQL client 8.4 or later, add --default-auth=mysql_native_password if the client requires it for this connection:
mysql -u admin -padmin -h 127.0.0.1 -P6032
--default-auth=mysql_native_password
--prompt='Admin> 'Change the example password immediately, create separate administrative credentials where appropriate, and bind access to a management interface. The Admin database is not the same thing as the application traffic listener: configuration commands go to 6032, while application sessions should go to 6033.
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Understand ProxySQL’s three configuration layers
ProxySQL separates configuration into three layers. Confusing them is the most common reason a seemingly successful change has no effect or vanishes after a restart.
| Layer | Purpose | How to inspect or change it |
|---|---|---|
| Main tables | Editable configuration held by the Admin interface. | Insert or update tables such as mysql_servers, mysql_users and mysql_query_rules. |
| Runtime tables | The configuration currently used by ProxySQL worker threads. | Load a main-table change with the appropriate LOAD ... TO RUNTIME command; inspect tables named runtime_.... |
| Disk layer | Persistent SQLite configuration reloaded after a service restart. | Run the matching SAVE ... TO DISK command after a change is tested. |
The normal sequence is therefore: edit a main table, load it to runtime, verify the runtime table and traffic, then save it to disk. Saving without loading does not activate a change; loading without saving activates it only until the next restart.
-- edit the relevant main tables first
LOAD MYSQL SERVERS TO RUNTIME;
LOAD MYSQL USERS TO RUNTIME;
LOAD MYSQL QUERY RULES TO RUNTIME;
LOAD MYSQL VARIABLES TO RUNTIME;
SAVE MYSQL SERVERS TO DISK;
SAVE MYSQL USERS TO DISK;
SAVE MYSQL QUERY RULES TO DISK;
SAVE MYSQL VARIABLES TO DISK;Add MySQL backends to hostgroups
Hostgroups are ProxySQL’s routing units. A user’s default hostgroup and a query rule both point to a hostgroup, not directly to an individual server. Servers in the same hostgroup are candidates for the same class of traffic.
The official example places two MySQL servers in hostgroup 1:
INSERT INTO mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port)
VALUES (1,'10.0.0.1',3306);
INSERT INTO mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port)
VALUES (1,'10.0.0.2',3306);
LOAD MYSQL SERVERS TO RUNTIME;
SAVE MYSQL SERVERS TO DISK;Use the actual addresses reachable from the ProxySQL host. Backend MySQL accounts must permit connections from the ProxySQL machine, and network controls must allow the configured MySQL port.
Important server fields
hostgroup_id: the routing pool to which the server belongs.hostnameandport: the backend endpoint ProxySQL contacts.weight: distributes traffic proportionally within a hostgroup. A server with a larger weight receives a larger share of eligible traffic.max_connections: caps ProxySQL’s backend connections to that server.status: controls availability.ONLINEaccepts normal routing;OFFLINE_SOFTallows existing work to drain while preventing new assignments;OFFLINE_HARDremoves the server immediately from normal service.max_replication_lag: can keep a replica out of service when its observed lag exceeds the configured threshold.
After adding or changing a server, query runtime_mysql_servers. If the row is present only in mysql_servers, the worker threads have not received the change.
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Create a least-privilege monitoring account
ProxySQL’s health checks should use a dedicated MySQL account rather than an application administrator. Create it on every backend that ProxySQL will monitor:
CREATE USER 'monitor' IDENTIFIED BY 'replace-with-a-secret';
GRANT USAGE, REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO 'monitor';The account needs credentials that match ProxySQL’s monitor variables. Keep the password in your normal secret-management process and do not use the documentation’s example value in a real environment.
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Configure the monitor username, password and intervals in global_variables. The following example uses a two-second interval for connection, ping and read-only checks:
UPDATE global_variables SET variable_value='monitor'
WHERE variable_name='mysql-monitor_username';
UPDATE global_variables SET variable_value='replace-with-a-secret'
WHERE variable_name='mysql-monitor_password';
UPDATE global_variables SET variable_value='2000'
WHERE variable_name IN ('mysql-monitor_connect_interval',
'mysql-monitor_ping_interval',
'mysql-monitor_read_only_interval');
LOAD MYSQL VARIABLES TO RUNTIME;
SAVE MYSQL VARIABLES TO DISK;While bringing the pool online, inspect the monitor schema:
SELECT * FROM monitor.mysql_server_connect_log;
SELECT * FROM monitor.mysql_server_ping_log;
SELECT * FROM monitor.mysql_server_read_only_log;These logs help distinguish a failed login from a network problem, a ping failure or an unexpected MySQL read_only value.
Split writers and readers with replication hostgroups
For a primary-and-replica topology, use separate hostgroups for write and read traffic. In this example, hostgroup 1 is the writer pool and hostgroup 2 is the reader pool:
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INSERT INTO mysql_replication_hostgroups
(writer_hostgroup,reader_hostgroup,comment)
VALUES (1,2,'cluster1');
LOAD MYSQL SERVERS TO RUNTIME;ProxySQL monitors each server’s MySQL read_only value. A server reporting read_only=0 is treated as a writer; read_only=1 is treated as a reader. The monitor can therefore move a server between the mapped writer and reader hostgroups as the topology changes. Confirm what ProxySQL observed in monitor.mysql_server_read_only_log.
This mechanism does not itself guarantee that every read is safe to send to a replica. A replica may lag, and a transaction may need to read data written moments earlier. Keep writes on the writer default hostgroup and route only reads that you have classified as safe.
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Register the application user
The application account must exist in MySQL and in ProxySQL’s mysql_users table. Set the writer hostgroup as the fallback destination:
INSERT INTO mysql_users(username,password,default_hostgroup)
VALUES ('appuser','replace-with-a-secret',1);
LOAD MYSQL USERS TO RUNTIME;
SAVE MYSQL USERS TO DISK;default_hostgroup is used when no query rule changes the destination. Grant the MySQL account only the privileges the application needs. Use a different secret from the monitor account and from the ProxySQL Admin account.
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ProxySQL evaluates query rules in ascending rule_id order. A rule with a low ID runs before a rule with a higher ID. A matching rule with apply=1 stops later rule evaluation, so rule order is part of your routing policy.
For example, this rule sends a specific normalized SELECT digest from appuser to reader hostgroup 2:
INSERT INTO mysql_query_rules
(rule_id,active,username,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply)
VALUES (10,1,'appuser','^SELECT c FROM sbtest1 WHERE id=?',2,1);
LOAD MYSQL QUERY RULES TO RUNTIME;
SAVE MYSQL QUERY RULES TO DISK;Why use match_digest
Digest matching operates on a normalized representation of a query, so literal values are reduced and the pattern is smaller than matching every complete query string. The official guidance recommends digest matching where possible because it is faster and easier to maintain.
Keep the rules safe for transactions
Do not begin with a catch-all rule that sends every query to a destination hostgroup or sets apply=1. Such a rule can capture traffic before a later, more specific rule is reached. Start with the writer as the user’s default, then add narrowly scoped reads whose consistency requirements you understand.
- Keep writes, schema changes and transaction-critical reads on the writer unless you have a deliberate consistency design.
- Consider session variables, temporary tables, locks and stored procedures before moving a statement to readers.
- Account for read-after-write behavior: a newly committed row may not yet exist on an asynchronous replica.
- Review the normalized digest and the rule order in
runtime_mysql_query_rules, not only in the editable table.
Verify routing before production traffic
Verification should cover configuration state, health monitoring, backend connections and actual query distribution. Run these checks from the Admin interface:
SELECT * FROM runtime_mysql_servers;
SELECT * FROM runtime_mysql_query_rules ORDER BY rule_id;
SELECT hostgroup, SUM(sum_time), SUM(count_star)
FROM stats_mysql_query_digest
GROUP BY hostgroup;
SELECT * FROM stats_mysql_connection_pool;What each check proves
runtime_mysql_servers: which servers ProxySQL currently considers configured and what status, weight and limits they have.runtime_mysql_query_rules: the active rule order, patterns, destinations andapplybehavior.stats_mysql_connection_pool: pooled backend connections and their hostgroup/server association.stats_mysql_query_digest: aggregate query counts and time by hostgroup, useful for confirming that representative reads and writes landed where intended.- Monitor logs: connection, ping and read-only observations that explain why a server is online, offline or in a different replication hostgroup.
Connect a test application or MySQL client to the traffic listener on 6033, perform representative writes and reads, and correlate the resulting digests and pool rows with the monitor logs. Before production, deliberately test an unavailable backend and a lagging replica so you know whether status changes and routing behavior match your recovery plan.
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Troubleshoot common failures
Changes disappear after a restart
The change was edited and perhaps loaded into runtime, but not persisted. Run the matching SAVE ... TO DISK command after verification. For example, server edits require SAVE MYSQL SERVERS TO DISK; query-rule edits require SAVE MYSQL QUERY RULES TO DISK. Inspect the runtime table first so you do not save an untested configuration.
Traffic never reaches a newly added server
Check the row in runtime_mysql_servers, confirm its status is ONLINE, verify network reachability and backend credentials, then run LOAD MYSQL SERVERS TO RUNTIME. A row that exists only in mysql_servers is still an inactive main-table edit.
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Reads continue going to the writer
Inspect the application user’s default_hostgroup, the active query rules and the replication mapping. Confirm that the monitor sees the intended read_only value. A rule that does not match the normalized digest, or a rule aimed at the writer hostgroup, will not move the query to readers.
A later query rule never matches
Look for an earlier rule with a broad pattern, a destination hostgroup and apply=1. Lower the broad rule’s priority by assigning it a higher rule_id, narrow its pattern, or remove apply=1 when later evaluation is required. Always inspect runtime_mysql_query_rules because the runtime order, not an unsaved main-table edit, controls traffic.
Backends repeatedly move offline
Read the monitor connection, ping and read-only logs. Check monitor credentials, firewall and routing, DNS or address resolution, MySQL listener binding, server capacity and replication lag. If max_replication_lag is configured, determine whether the threshold is being exceeded before changing query rules. Fix the underlying health signal rather than forcing an unhealthy server back to ONLINE.
Operational choices for a single node or redundant deployment
A single ProxySQL node is simpler, but it is also a single failure domain. A clustered or redundant arrangement adds configuration synchronization and failover behavior that must be tested alongside the MySQL topology.
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|---|---|---|
| Failure-domain coverage | The proxy host can become a connection bottleneck or outage. | Multiple proxy instances can reduce proxy-host failure risk, provided clients can fail over between them. |
| Configuration synchronization | One Admin database is straightforward to operate. | Synchronization and conflict handling must be defined and tested. |
| Health-check and failover behavior | One monitor makes behavior easier to observe. | Each proxy’s view and failover timing must be consistent enough for the application. |
| Connection capacity | Capacity planning focuses on one process and host. | Capacity and pool limits must be planned per instance and across the fleet. |
| Observability | One set of runtime, pool and digest tables. | Metrics and logs from every proxy need central correlation. |
| Operational complexity | Lower setup and maintenance overhead. | More moving parts, but potentially better availability. |
ProxySQL documentation covers clustering, replication hostgroups, Group Replication and Galera configurations. Select the architecture that matches your MySQL replication technology, consistency requirements and availability target rather than adding clustering solely because it is available.
Quick Recap
Production readiness checklist
- ProxySQL is installed from a package appropriate for the Ubuntu release, and
proxysql --versionis recorded. - The Admin interface is restricted to a management address, example credentials are replaced and the application uses the traffic listener instead of port
6032. - Every backend appears in
runtime_mysql_serverswith the intended hostgroup, port, status, weight and connection limit. - A dedicated monitor account has only the required
USAGEandREPLICATION CLIENTprivileges. - Monitor credentials and intervals are loaded to runtime and saved to disk.
- Replication hostgroups reflect the actual primary and replica roles, and
read_onlyobservations are visible in the monitor log. - The application user exists in both MySQL and
mysql_users, with a least-privilege grant and a writer fallback hostgroup. - Query rules are specific, ordered, digest-based where practical, and reviewed for transaction and read-after-write effects.
- Every intentional configuration change is both loaded to runtime and saved to disk.
- Representative writes, safe reads, backend failure and replica lag have been tested while watching connection pools, query digests and monitor logs.
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