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Use docker-php-ext-install in an official PHP image to compile extensions included in that image’s PHP source. A minimal Dockerfile is:
FROM php:8.2-apache
RUN docker-php-ext-install pdo pdo_mysqlBefore compiling, check php -m or php -i; many modules are already present. If the extension needs system headers or libraries, install those first, configure optional features when required, then compile and verify the resulting image.
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docker-php-ext-install is a helper script shipped with the official PHP Docker images. It builds extensions available in the PHP source bundled with the selected image tag. The same images also provide docker-php-ext-configure for custom configure arguments and docker-php-ext-enable for turning on an installed shared module.
The helper is not a general package manager. It does not automatically discover or install the operating-system development files an extension needs, and it is not the documented route for every extension distributed outside PHP’s bundled source. Those distinctions determine which command and which prerequisite packages belong in your Dockerfile.
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Choose the image before writing the command
Start with an official PHP image tag that matches the way your application runs. The common variants are:
clifor command-line workloads and workers.apachewhen PHP runs through the Apache web server included in the image.fpmwhen PHP-FPM is paired with a separate web server or proxy.
The PHP version, image variant and base distribution affect which extensions are available, which package manager you use, the names of development libraries, and the configure flags accepted by an extension. Treat examples as patterns tied to their stated tag, not as universal copy-and-paste instructions.
Check whether the module is already installed
Run the check in the image you intend to build from:
docker run --rm php:8.2-cli php -mSearch the output for the module name. For detailed build and configuration information, use:
docker run --rm php:8.2-cli php -iIf the extension is already compiled into the image, adding another build step only increases build time and can introduce unnecessary dependencies. This check is especially important because the official images include a number of commonly used modules in advance.
The repeatable installation workflow
For a module that is part of the bundled PHP source, use this sequence:
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- Select the runtime image. Pin an official tag such as
php:8.2-apache,php:8.2-fpmorphp:8.2-cliaccording to your deployment. - Inspect the existing module list. Use
php -morphp -ibefore compiling. - Install development dependencies. Add the headers and libraries required by the extension with the package manager belonging to the image’s base distribution. The helper script expects these files to be present.
- Configure optional features. Run
docker-php-ext-configurewhen the extension needs non-default flags, such as enabling image formats in GD. - Compile the extension. Invoke
docker-php-ext-installwith one or more extension names. Add parallel jobs when the builder has enough CPU and memory. - Clean the build layer. Remove apt package lists in the same layer as the installation, and plan how build-only files will stay out of a production runtime image.
- Verify the result. Re-run
php -morphp -iin the built image and confirm the expected module and feature settings.
Keeping the related commands in one RUN instruction makes cleanup effective and prevents package indexes from remaining in an earlier image layer.
Example: PDO and MySQL support
For extensions available without special feature flags, the Dockerfile can be as small as:
FROM php:8.2-apache
RUN docker-php-ext-install pdo pdo_mysqlpdo supplies PHP’s database abstraction layer and pdo_mysql supplies the MySQL driver. The image tag is part of the example: choose the PHP version and server variant that your application actually uses. If either module already appears in php -m, omit it from the build command.
Example: GD with FreeType, JPEG and PNG
GD demonstrates the full dependency, configuration and compilation sequence. The documented Debian-based pattern for the PHP-FPM 8.2 image is:
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FROM php:8.2-fpm
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y
libfreetype-dev
libjpeg62-turbo-dev
libpng-dev
&& rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
&& docker-php-ext-configure gd --with-freetype --with-jpeg
&& docker-php-ext-install -j$(nproc) gdEach part has a specific role:
apt-get updaterefreshes the package index used by the Debian-based image.libfreetype-dev,libjpeg62-turbo-devandlibpng-devprovide development files required for the selected GD features.rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*removes the package lists in the same layer.docker-php-ext-configure gd --with-freetype --with-jpegrequests FreeType and JPEG support before compilation. PNG support is supplied by the installed PNG development package.docker-php-ext-install -j$(nproc) gdbuilds GD using the available processor count.
Package names and accepted flags vary with the PHP tag and whether the image is Debian- or Alpine-based. Confirm the requirements for your exact tag rather than assuming this Debian example applies unchanged elsewhere.
Configure, install and enable are different operations
| Helper or command | Purpose | Use it when |
|---|---|---|
docker-php-ext-configure |
Passes custom configure arguments before compilation. | An extension needs optional features or non-default build flags, such as GD’s FreeType and JPEG options. |
docker-php-ext-install |
Compiles extensions available in the PHP source bundled by the official image. | The module is a bundled PHP extension and its development dependencies are installed. |
docker-php-ext-enable |
Enables an installed shared module. | A module has already been built as a shared extension, including one installed through PECL. |
pecl install <extension> |
Downloads and builds an extension distributed through PECL. | The extension is not part of the bundled core source accepted by docker-php-ext-install. |
Do not add docker-php-ext-configure simply because it appears in an example. Use it when the extension’s build requires a flag. Conversely, running docker-php-ext-enable does not compile anything; it only activates a module that is already installed.
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When PECL is the correct path
Some popular PHP extensions are distributed through PECL rather than the core source in the official image. The documented pattern is:
RUN pecl install <extension>
&& docker-php-ext-enable <extension>Replace <extension> with the PECL package name required by the module’s documentation. Do not assume that a name accepted by PECL is also accepted by docker-php-ext-install, or that an extension with a familiar PHP name is part of the bundled source. First classify the module as core, PECL, or another documented installer, then use the matching workflow.
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Debian and Alpine images require different preparation
The helper scripts have the same names, but the operating-system preparation is not interchangeable. A Debian-based tag uses Debian package tooling and package names; an Alpine-based tag uses Alpine tooling and its own package names. The development headers, available module versions and configure flags can differ as well.
Before writing an installation line, identify the base family documented for your exact PHP tag. Then:
- Use the package manager and development package names for that base.
- Check that the extension exists for the selected PHP version.
- Apply configure flags supported by that version of the extension.
- Keep the package installation, compilation and cleanup in a coherent build layer.
Copying an apt-get example into an Alpine image, or copying Alpine package names into a Debian image, fails before the PHP helper can do any work.
Control build time with parallel compilation
The helper accepts make options, so a build can use multiple jobs:
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RUN docker-php-ext-install -j$(nproc) pdo pdo_mysql$(nproc) asks the container for the available processor count. Parallel compilation can shorten builds, but it also consumes more memory and CPU. Use it when the builder has sufficient resources; reduce the job count or omit the option when constrained environments become unstable. The extension list and all required libraries remain the same regardless of the job count.
Keep the resulting image maintainable
Clean package indexes in the same layer
For Debian-based images, remove /var/lib/apt/lists/* in the same RUN instruction that performs apt-get update and installs the development packages. Cleaning in a later layer does not remove the bytes stored in the earlier layer.
Separate build-only material from runtime material
Compilers, headers and other development files are needed to build an extension but are not necessarily needed to run PHP. When designing a production image, avoid carrying build-only files into the runtime image. A multi-stage build or an explicit removal strategy can provide that separation; choose the approach that matches the extension and your deployment process.
Do not leave extracted PHP source behind
If you manually run docker-php-source extract, delete the extracted source in the same image layer after compilation. The configure and install helpers normally manage source extraction for their documented use cases, so manual extraction is usually unnecessary.
Verify the module after the image builds
Build the Dockerfile, start a container from the resulting image and inspect the module list:
docker build -t php-extension-test .
docker run --rm php-extension-test php -mFor feature-specific checks, inspect the detailed configuration:
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docker run --rm php-extension-test php -iFor GD, the detailed output lets you confirm that the configured image capabilities are present. For database support, look for both the PDO base module and the driver you installed. Performing the check against the final image catches mistakes caused by building one tag and running another.
Troubleshoot failures in the order they occur
The command says the extension is unavailable
First compare the requested name with the modules available in the selected PHP tag. docker-php-ext-install only handles extensions present in the bundled PHP source. If the module is distributed through PECL, use the PECL installation followed by docker-php-ext-enable. If it is already listed by php -m, remove the redundant build step.
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This indicates a missing operating-system development dependency. Add the required headers and libraries before the helper command, using package names for the image’s Debian or Alpine base. A runtime library alone is not enough when compilation requires development files.
Optional functionality is missing
Installing a library does not automatically pass its feature flag to the extension’s configure step. Add docker-php-ext-configure with the documented options for the extension, then run docker-php-ext-install. The GD example explicitly configures FreeType and JPEG before compiling.
apt-get cannot locate a package
Check the image family and PHP tag before changing the package name. Debian package names do not apply to Alpine, and a package available for one distribution release may not be available for another. Use the dependency names documented for the exact base image rather than substituting a similarly named runtime package.
The image becomes unexpectedly large
Review whether package indexes, compilers, headers or extracted source remain in the final image. Keep apt-list cleanup beside the installation command and use a production build design that excludes build-only files from the runtime stage.
Compilation exhausts resources
Parallel jobs multiply compiler resource use. Remove -j$(nproc) or select a smaller job count when the builder has limited memory or CPU, then retry with the same dependencies and extension configuration.
The module built but is not active
Determine whether the result is a shared module that needs activation. docker-php-ext-enable enables an installed shared extension, including one obtained through PECL. It is separate from both compiling with docker-php-ext-install and configuring with docker-php-ext-configure.
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| Situation | Next action |
|---|---|
The module appears in php -m. |
Use the existing module; do not compile it again. |
| The module is part of the bundled PHP source and needs no special flags. | Install its system development dependencies, then run docker-php-ext-install. |
| The bundled module needs optional capabilities. | Install the corresponding libraries, run docker-php-ext-configure, then compile it. |
| The extension is distributed through PECL. | Run pecl install and then docker-php-ext-enable. |
| The Dockerfile uses a different base distribution from the example. | Translate the dependency and cleanup steps to that distribution before invoking the PHP helper. |
| The build is slow but the builder has ample resources. | Use parallel jobs such as -j$(nproc). |
| The final image contains development clutter. | Clean package indexes in the installation layer and separate build-only files from the runtime image. |
Common Dockerfile mistakes to avoid
- Compiling before checking. A module already present in the image does not need another installation step.
- Omitting development packages. The helper scripts do not install extension dependencies for you.
- Using the wrong helper. Core extensions, PECL extensions and already-installed shared modules follow different paths.
- Skipping required configure flags. Libraries such as FreeType and JPEG must be selected through the extension’s configure options when the build requires them.
- Mixing distributions. Package commands and names must match the image’s base family.
- Cleaning in a later layer. Remove apt lists in the same layer that created them.
- Leaving manual source extraction behind. Delete extracted source in the same layer, or let the documented helpers manage it.
- Building with unlimited parallelism on a small runner. Adjust the job count to the resources available to the build.
Final pre-build checklist
- The image tag matches the application’s PHP version and runtime variant.
php -morphp -iconfirms the module is not already present.- The module is classified correctly as bundled core, PECL, or another installer path.
- Development headers and libraries are installed before compilation.
- Required configure flags are listed before
docker-php-ext-install. - The package manager and package names match the image’s Debian or Alpine base.
- Parallel jobs are appropriate for the builder’s CPU and memory.
- Package indexes and any manually extracted source are removed in the same layer.
- The finished image is tested with
php -mand, when necessary,php -i.
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