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Capistrano turns a repeatable SSH deployment procedure into a command such as bundle exec cap production deploy. It connects to an already provisioned VPS, checks prerequisites, fetches a release from source control, runs your configured tasks, links persistent files and directories, switches the current symlink, and removes old releases. This guide shows how to configure that workflow safely for a production VPS, including Rails integrations, shared files, dry runs, troubleshooting, and rollback.
What Capistrano does—and what it does not do
Capistrano is a Ruby, Rake, and SSH deployment automation framework. It runs from your application project and executes tasks on remote servers over SSH. The framework does not create a VPS, install an operating system, provision a database, or replace a service manager. You must prepare an SSH-accessible server first, then describe your deployment procedure in Capistrano configuration.
Its central safety feature is release-based deployment. Each deployment is checked out into a new timestamped directory. Persistent data remains in a separate shared directory, while current points at the release serving traffic. Publishing a release is therefore a symlink change rather than an in-place overwrite.
Prerequisites for a reliable VPS deployment
- Ruby and Bundler on the workstation: Capistrano is installed in the project bundle. The official quick start documents Ruby 2.5 or newer; confirm that requirement against the Capistrano release selected for your application.
- A source-control repository: The VPS must be able to fetch the repository using the SCM configured for the project, commonly Git.
- SCM binaries on the VPS: Install Git or the relevant source-control client on the deployment server, not only on your laptop.
- A dedicated, non-privileged deployment account: Give it ownership of the deployment directory and only the narrowly scoped privileges required by your release tasks.
- SSH key authentication: Test a non-interactive SSH login as the deployment user. A deployment that waits for a password, host-key confirmation, or interactive sudo prompt will stall.
- Application runtime dependencies: Install the language runtime, system packages, database client libraries, web server, process manager, and any other dependencies your application needs.
- A POSIX-compatible shell and a writable application parent directory: For example, create
/var/wwwand permit the deployment account to create the application directory below it.
Keep privileged operating-system setup outside the normal deploy command. If a release needs a service restart, use a controlled service-manager policy or a narrowly permitted command rather than unrestricted interactive sudo.
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Prepare the VPS
- Create the deployment user. Use a separate account such as
deploy, disable password login where appropriate, and install its public SSH key in~/.ssh/authorized_keyswith correct ownership and permissions. - Install the runtime and Bundler. Match the Ruby and Bundler versions used by the application. Install native libraries needed to compile gems and any runtime packages needed after compilation.
- Install the source-control client. Verify that the deployment user can authenticate to the repository without an interactive prompt.
- Create the application parent directory. Ensure the deployment account can create and modify the eventual
releases,shared, andcurrentpaths. - Prepare the process and web layers. Configure the application server, reverse proxy, background workers, and service manager independently. Capistrano can run restart tasks, but it does not supply these components.
- Test the exact SSH session. From the machine where Capistrano will run, execute
ssh deploy@your-vps.exampleand confirm that the shell starts, the repository is reachable, and commands do not require a terminal.
Use your real hostname or IP in configuration. The examples below use illustrative names and paths; replace them with values for your VPS.
Install Capistrano in the application
Add Capistrano to the development bundle so every operator and CI job uses the locked version:
group :development do
gem "capistrano", require: false
endRun Bundler, then generate the standard file layout:
bundle install
bundle exec cap installInitialization creates a Capfile, a shared configuration file at config/deploy.rb, and stage files such as config/deploy/production.rb and config/deploy/staging.rb. Treat these as templates. The generated host, repository, user, and path values are not production-ready until you replace them.
Configure the common deployment settings
Put values shared by every stage in config/deploy.rb. A minimal configuration looks like this:
set :application, "my_app"
set :repo_url, "git@example.com:organization/my_app.git"
set :branch, ENV.fetch("BRANCH", "main")
set :deploy_to, "/var/www/my_app"
append :linked_dirs,
"log",
"tmp/pids",
"tmp/cache",
"tmp/sockets",
"vendor/bundle"
append :linked_files,
"config/database.yml",
"config/secrets.yml"Choose the repository and branch policy
:repo_url must be reachable by the deployment account using the configured SCM credentials. Decide whether production always follows a protected branch, a release branch, or a branch supplied through BRANCH. Do not let an accidental local branch determine a production deployment.
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Choose the deployment root
:deploy_to is the parent of the release hierarchy. It should be outside the repository checkout and writable by the deployment user. Keep one application per root so releases, logs, uploads, and secrets cannot be mixed accidentally.
Declare persistent directories and files
Use append :linked_dirs for state that must survive a new checkout, such as logs, process IDs, sockets, caches, uploaded files, or a shared Bundler directory. Use append :linked_files for configuration containing secrets or machine-specific settings. Capistrano creates symlinks from shared into each new release; create and populate required files in shared before the application boots.
Only link data that truly must persist. A cache can be shared when the application tolerates stale entries; generated build output usually belongs in the release instead. Never place credentials in the repository merely because a linked file is declared.
Configure the production stage
Keep host-specific settings in config/deploy/production.rb:
server "203.0.113.10",
user: "deploy",
roles: %w[app db web]
set :rails_env, "production"Use the VPS hostname or IP, the dedicated deployment user, and only the roles required by your tasks. A single-server application can use one server with several roles. A split architecture can assign roles to different hosts in the same stage file. Keep staging in its own stage file so it cannot silently deploy to production.
If SSH requires a non-default key, port, jump host, or agent forwarding, configure those options explicitly and test them outside Capistrano first. Avoid forwarding private keys unless your workflow requires it and you understand the trust implications.
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Load the integrations your application needs
The Capfile loads Capistrano’s core tasks and optional integrations. A Rails application commonly uses:
require "capistrano/setup"
require "capistrano/deploy"
require "capistrano/scm/git"
require "capistrano/bundler"
require "capistrano/rails"
require "capistrano/rails/assets"
require "capistrano/rails/migrations"Use capistrano/rails when you want the Rails integration as a whole. If you need only asset compilation or database migrations, load those integrations individually. The Bundler integration installs the bundle during deployment; link .bundle when your project relies on shared Bundler configuration.
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Understand the release hierarchy
| Path | Purpose | What happens during deployment |
|---|---|---|
releases/ |
Timestamped application checkouts | A new release is created, tasks run there, and old releases are eventually pruned. |
shared/ |
Persistent files and directories | Linked paths are stored here and symlinked into every release. |
current |
Active-release symlink | It points to the newest successfully published release. |
Place production secrets, database configuration, uploaded assets, and other persistent state under shared only when they are listed as linked paths. A file left in one release disappears from the next checkout. Conversely, linking an entire application directory can hide files that should have come from source control, so keep links narrowly scoped.
Run a first deployment safely
- Create required shared paths. Before the first boot, create directories such as
shared/config,shared/log, and upload locations as needed. Put required linked files in their exact shared locations with restrictive permissions. - Inspect prerequisites. Run
bundle exec cap production deploy --prereqsto inspect task dependencies when diagnosing a new configuration. - Perform a dry run. Run
bundle exec cap production deploy --dry-run. Review the task sequence and rendered commands. A dry run does not replace testing SSH access, repository credentials, file permissions, or application startup. - Deploy the release. Run
bundle exec cap production deploy. Capistrano checks prerequisites, creates the release, installs dependencies, runs configured migrations or assets tasks, links shared paths, publishescurrent, and cleans old releases. - Verify the service. Check the application endpoint, process-manager status, logs, database connectivity, background jobs, uploaded-file access, and asset delivery. Watch the service after publication rather than assuming a successful SSH task means the application is healthy.
Use --trace with any command when you need the full Rake backtrace:
bundle exec cap production deploy --traceControl release retention and application restarts
Keep enough releases to recover from a bad deployment, but remove obsolete checkouts so disk usage does not grow without limit. The cleanup task runs as part of the normal deployment flow; choose a retention count appropriate for release frequency, disk capacity, and recovery needs.
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Capistrano does not know how your application server should restart unless you configure that task. A restart must happen after code, assets, or dependencies change, and it must be coordinated with long-running workers. Place restart commands in a custom task or use the integration appropriate to your process manager. Ensure the deployment account can invoke that operation without an interactive privilege prompt.
Rails-specific persistent paths
Common Rails candidates include the following, but link only paths your application actually uses:
logfor application logs.tmp/pidsfor process ID files.tmp/cachefor a cache that should survive releases.tmp/socketsfor Unix sockets used by an application server.vendor/bundleor.bundlewhen dependencies or Bundler settings are shared on the VPS.- Upload directories for user-generated files that are stored locally rather than in object storage.
config/database.ymlandconfig/secrets.ymlwhen that is the project’s secret-management design.
Modern Rails applications may use environment variables or an external secret manager instead of these files. In that case, do not create obsolete linked files just because they appear in an example. The deployment must provide every value required at boot through the mechanism your application expects.
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If the newly published release fails health checks, use Capistrano’s rollback task:
bundle exec cap production deploy:rollbackRollback changes current back to a prior release in the release directory. It does not repair a broken VPS, restore a deleted shared secret, reverse an incompatible database migration, or fix a service-manager configuration. After rolling back, inspect logs and the failed release, then address the cause before attempting another deployment.
Database changes need special planning. A code rollback is safe only when the database schema remains compatible with the older code. Prefer additive, backward-compatible migrations and a separately tested reversal plan for destructive changes.
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Troubleshoot common failures
SSH authentication or permission errors
Test the same user, key, port, and hostname with plain SSH. Check authorized_keys permissions, repository credentials, ownership of :deploy_to, and whether the command is waiting for a password. Fix the server-side problem before rerunning Capistrano.
The repository cannot be fetched
Verify that the deployment user—not your interactive account—can access the repository and that the SCM binary is installed on the VPS. A repository URL that works locally can fail remotely because it references a local SSH agent, filesystem path, or unavailable credential.
A linked file is missing
Confirm that the file exists under the exact shared path and that its parent directory exists. Check the resulting symlink inside current. A typo in linked_files or an omitted secret commonly causes the release to fail during boot.
Assets or gems fail during deployment
Compare the VPS runtime, native libraries, Node or asset-toolchain requirements, and Bundler lockfile with the development environment. Run the failing task with --trace, then correct the missing dependency or version mismatch on the server.
The deploy succeeds but the site still serves old code
Check where the web server and application process obtain their working directory. Confirm that current points to the new release, restart processes that preload application code, and inspect reverse-proxy or cache behavior. A successful symlink switch does not automatically restart every process.
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Inspect releases, logs, caches, and uploaded files. Reduce release retention only after confirming that your rollback policy still has enough recovery points, and move large user uploads to storage designed for that workload when appropriate.
Use staging and production as separate stages
Keep a config/deploy/staging.rb file with a different host, deployment root, branch policy, and environment settings. Deploy the same command pattern with bundle exec cap staging deploy before production. This tests tasks, shared-path creation, migrations, asset compilation, and restart behavior on a server that does not carry production traffic.
Do not rely on stage names alone for safety. Protect production credentials, restrict who can run the production command, and require an explicit review of the stage file whenever host or branch settings change.
Operational and security practices
- Commit the
Gemfile.lockso operators use the same Capistrano and plugin versions. - Review every custom task for shell quoting, privilege escalation, destructive commands, and assumptions about the current directory.
- Keep secrets out of Git, deployment logs, and command-line arguments where they can be recorded.
- Use least-privilege SSH and service-management permissions for the deployment account.
- Monitor disk usage, release cleanup, process health, error rates, and background-job queues.
- Test a rollback on staging, including the application server restart and database compatibility steps.
- Document how to recreate shared files and directories; a rollback cannot recover a secret that was never backed up.
Capistrano is most effective when the manual SSH procedure is already understood and deterministic. Automate stable, observable steps; keep provisioning, secret storage, backups, and incident response as explicit operational systems rather than hiding them inside an opaque deploy task.
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