The Tool Desk
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For containers managed by Docker Compose, update one project at a time: run docker compose pull, then docker compose up -d from the directory containing its Compose file. Compose downloads newer service images and recreates containers whose image or configuration changed. Add --pull always --force-recreate when you deliberately want to check the registry and recreate every service. Repeat the process for every separate Compose project. Containers created with standalone docker run require a separate, configuration-preserving recreation; no universal one-line command can safely update them.
What “update all containers” actually means
Docker has no single global update operation that safely covers every container on a Linux server. The correct procedure depends on how each container was created and which Compose project owns it.
- Compose-managed services: update each Compose project with
docker compose pullfollowed bydocker compose up -d. - Standalone containers: pull the replacement image and recreate each container from its original environment, mounts, ports, networks, restart policy and entrypoint.
- Automatically monitored containers: an updater such as Watchtower can poll images and recreate selected containers, but it should be deployed only after you have defined backup, health-check, maintenance-window and rollback rules.
A Compose command is scoped to one project. If a server has five unrelated Compose files, you must run the workflow five times, using the correct file for each project. It does not discover or update containers created with docker run.
Before updating: inventory scope and risk
Updating an image can change application behavior, database requirements, configuration defaults or exposed interfaces. Spend a few minutes identifying what will restart before pulling anything.
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Find every Compose project
Locate the Compose files used by your services, including files outside your current working directory. A typical project directory contains compose.yaml, compose.yml or a legacy docker-compose.yml. Record the absolute path and the services it controls.
For a file stored elsewhere, use the -f option on every command:
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docker compose -f /srv/apps/example/compose.yaml psIf you rely on the COMPOSE_FILE environment variable, verify that it points to the intended file before running an update. Accidentally selecting a different project can restart the wrong workload.
Separate projects that should not restart together
A Linux server may host independent applications, a reverse proxy, databases, monitoring and scheduled jobs. Treat each Compose file as a separate change scope. Update related services together only when their Compose project defines them together and their release notes or migration instructions require coordinated changes.
Verify backups and state
Confirm that database backups can be restored and that important bind-mounted and named-volume data is included. Container recreation normally preserves mounted volumes, but that is not a substitute for an application-level backup. A new image may require a schema migration or may expose a latent data problem, so keep a known-good backup and the previous image digest available.
Review tags, credentials and release notes
- Mutable tags such as
latestcan point to a different image without changing the Compose file. Pinned version tags or digests make changes easier to review and roll back. - Confirm that private-registry credentials are still available to the Docker client that will pull the image.
- Read the image maintainer’s release notes for breaking changes, required environment variables and database migrations.
- Check whether the service has health checks, dependent services, background workers or a maintenance window.
The standard Compose update procedure
Use this sequence for each project. Replace the path with the location of the project’s Compose file.
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cd /srv/apps/exampleAlternatively, keep your current directory and add
-f /srv/apps/example/compose.yamlto each command. - Inspect the current state:
docker compose psNote which services are running, their health state and any service that is already restarting or unhealthy.
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- Pull service images:
docker compose pullThis asks the registry for the images referenced by the selected Compose file. It downloads newer layers when the tag resolves to a newer image; it does not recreate or restart containers by itself.
- Recreate changed services in the background:
docker compose up -dupcreates and starts services. When Compose detects that an image or service configuration changed, it stops and recreates that service. The-d(detached) option leaves services running after the command returns.What’s actually slowing this PC down?
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docker compose ps docker compose logs --tail=100Look for a healthy status, expected published ports, successful dependency startup and the absence of migration or permission errors. Exercise the application endpoint and any important background job.
The same process with an explicit file is:
docker compose -f /srv/apps/example/compose.yaml pull
docker compose -f /srv/apps/example/compose.yaml up -dWhen to use --force-recreate and --pull always
Force recreation of every service
Normal up recreates services when Compose sees an image or configuration change. To recreate every container in the selected project even when Compose considers it unchanged, run:
docker compose up -d --force-recreateDocker’s Compose reference describes --force-recreate as the way to force Compose to stop and recreate all containers. This is useful after changing external state that Compose cannot detect, or when you want every service to pass through the same replacement process.
Make the start command pull first
To have the up command check the registry before starting services, use:
docker compose up -d --pull alwaysTo both check for new images and recreate every service:
docker compose up -d --pull always --force-recreateThis combines image retrieval and startup in one command. The two-step pull then up workflow is often easier to review because you can see pull errors before any service is stopped.
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Do not confuse start with an update
docker compose start starts containers that already exist and are stopped. It does not pull new images and does not create replacement containers. Use up for an update or for starting the complete set of services defined by the Compose file.
Updating multiple Compose projects safely
Repeat the workflow for each project instead of issuing one command from an arbitrary directory. A simple runbook looks like this:
- List the project paths and the services each one owns.
- Choose an order that respects dependencies. For example, update a database-backed application during its maintenance window and verify it before moving to the next project.
- Back up the data used by the project.
- Run
pull, inspect the output and then runup -d. - Check service health, logs, endpoints and scheduled work.
- Record the new image digest and retain the prior digest and Compose configuration for rollback.
Do not assume that two files with similarly named services are one project. Compose project names, networks and volumes determine ownership. Updating one file does not update a second file unless both are explicitly selected for the same invocation.
What happens to volumes and persistent data?
During normal Compose recreation, mounted volumes are preserved and attached to the replacement container. This keeps application data available across an image update. It does not guarantee that the new application version can read that data.
- Follow the application’s database migration instructions before or during the deployment.
- Back up named volumes and bind-mounted directories using a method appropriate for the application, especially for databases.
- Do not delete volumes merely to “fix” an update. Removing a volume can permanently remove state.
- Verify file ownership and permissions if the new image uses a different user ID.
A successful container start is not proof that the data is correct. Check application-level health, recent records, queues and scheduled jobs after the update.
Why docker compose down is usually unnecessary
docker compose up -d can stop and recreate changed services without first removing the entire project. This normally gives a smaller change window and avoids removing project resources that you still need.
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Standalone containers created with docker run
A container launched with docker run has no Compose file that records its complete desired state. The image name alone is insufficient: the replacement must preserve environment variables, bind mounts, named volumes, published ports, networks, restart policy, labels, capabilities, entrypoint and command.
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Why there is no safe universal command
Two containers may both run from the same image while requiring completely different ports, secrets and storage. A generic “update all” command could recreate a container without its data mount, expose a port incorrectly or start it with the wrong command. Docker therefore cannot infer a universally safe replacement procedure for arbitrary standalone containers.
Record the existing configuration
Before stopping a standalone container, identify its image and inspect its configuration:
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docker inspect <container_name>Save the relevant environment, mounts, port bindings, networks, restart policy and command in a version-controlled runbook. Treat secrets carefully; do not commit credentials to a public repository.
Recreate one standalone container
- Read the image’s release notes and verify a backup.
- Pull the replacement image, preferably by an explicit version or digest:
docker pull repository/image:version - Stop the old container without deleting its volumes:
docker stop <container_name> - Remove only the container object, not the data volumes:
docker rm <container_name> - Run a new container with the same mounts, ports, networks, environment and restart policy. Use the exact command captured in your runbook, changing only the image reference where appropriate.
- Check logs, health and the application endpoint before moving to another container.
If a service is important enough to update repeatedly, migrate its definition into a version-controlled Compose file. That makes the desired state reviewable and gives you a repeatable update and rollback procedure.
Automatic updates with Watchtower
Watchtower is an optional containerized updater. Its documented quick-start behavior monitors running containers, polls for updated image digests every 24 hours by default, pulls an updated image, gracefully shuts down the target container and its dependencies, and starts a replacement while maintaining the previous configuration.
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Manual Compose updates versus automatic monitoring
| Consideration | Manual Compose workflow | Automatic updater |
|---|---|---|
| Maintenance window | You choose when pull and up run. |
Updates occur according to the polling and selection policy; the default polling interval is 24 hours. |
| Release review | You can read release notes and inspect the pull before recreation. | An image may be replaced before someone reviews its changes. |
| Scope | Explicitly limited to the Compose project and file you select. | Depends on monitor and selection settings; an overly broad policy can affect unintended containers. |
| Rollback | You can restore the previous tag or digest and rerun Compose. | Requires retained image references, configuration and an operational procedure. |
| Restart timing | Planned and observable during a maintenance window. | May happen automatically while users or jobs are active. |
| Notifications and monitoring | Provided by your deployment runbook and monitoring stack. | Still must be configured and verified; automation is not a substitute for health alerts. |
Safeguards for unattended updates
- Back up databases and persistent application data before allowing automatic replacement.
- Use health checks and alerting that detect a container that starts but cannot serve correctly.
- Define a maintenance window or restrict automatic updates to low-risk services.
- Use disciplined image tags or digests; do not allow an unexpected tag change to become an unreviewed production deployment.
- Keep the previous image digest and Compose or run configuration so you can recreate the prior version.
- Test migrations and recovery on a non-production instance first.
Verification after an update
Run checks at three levels rather than relying only on a “running” status.
Container and health status
docker compose psConfirm that every expected service is running and healthy. A container can be running while its process is repeatedly failing or its health check is reporting an error.
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Logs and dependencies
docker compose logs --tail=100 <service_name>Review startup logs for failed migrations, missing variables, authentication errors, permission problems and connection failures to dependent services. Check the database, cache, queue or reverse proxy that the application relies on.
Functional checks
- Open the service through its normal endpoint and authenticate with a test account.
- Submit a harmless read or write operation appropriate to the application.
- Confirm background workers process a test job and scheduled tasks remain enabled.
- Check externally exposed ports and TLS termination if the update includes a web-facing service.
- Watch resource use after startup; a migration or changed default can increase CPU, memory or disk consumption.
Rollback when the new image fails
Rollback is easiest when the previous image reference and configuration were recorded before the update.
- Stop traffic or place the application in its maintenance mode if continuing to serve requests could damage data.
- Capture logs and the failing image digest so the incident is diagnosable.
- Change the Compose image reference back to the known-good version or digest. For a standalone container, restore the saved
docker runconfiguration. - Run
docker compose pullif the rollback image is not local, then rundocker compose up -d. - Verify health, data consistency and background jobs before reopening traffic.
- Handle any database migration according to the application’s documented downgrade or restore procedure. Reverting an image does not automatically reverse a schema change.
Do not use docker compose down as a first response to a failed update. Preserve volumes and the evidence needed to determine whether the fault is the image, configuration, dependency or data migration.
Common failure modes and fixes
“Pull succeeded, but the old container is still running”
docker compose pull only downloads images. Run docker compose up -d to let Compose recreate services that use the changed image, or add --force-recreate when every service must be replaced.
“Nothing changed after pulling”
The tag may still resolve to the same digest, or Compose may not see a configuration difference. Inspect the pull output and use docker compose up -d --pull always --force-recreate when you intentionally need a fresh check and full recreation.
“A service starts but is unhealthy”
Read the service logs and health-check output, then check dependencies, required variables, file permissions, migrations and available disk space. A running process is not the same as a healthy application.
“The command updates only some containers”
You may be operating on one Compose project while other services belong to different files, or the remaining containers may be standalone. Inventory project paths and handle each scope separately.
“The new image cannot access its data”
Confirm that the original named volume or bind mount was preserved, that the host path is correct and that the new image’s user has permission to read it. Do not delete the volume while troubleshooting.
“The registry refuses the pull”
Check the image name, tag, registry login, network connectivity and rate or permission limits. A failed pull should be resolved before stopping a production container unless you already have a local, verified replacement image.
A repeatable update checklist
- Identify the Compose file or standalone run configuration.
- Confirm the exact services and restart impact.
- Verify restorable backups and application migration guidance.
- Record current image tags or digests and configuration.
- Pull images for the selected project.
- Run
docker compose up -d, or use--pull always --force-recreatewhen that deliberate behavior is required. - Inspect status, health and logs.
- Exercise endpoints, workers and dependent services.
- Record the new digest and retain rollback materials.
- Repeat for each independent Compose project; update standalone containers from their saved configuration.
The Bottom Line
Use docker compose pull followed by docker compose up -d for each Compose project. Add --pull always --force-recreate for an explicit full refresh, protect persistent data with verified backups, and handle docker run containers individually because their original configuration must be reproduced.
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