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A hash returned by an Aptos node only proves that the transaction was submitted to that node; it does not prove that the transaction committed. Check the hash with Aptos’s transaction-by-hash endpoint or wait operation, then read the committed success value and, when it is false, the vm_status. If the transaction is still pending, investigate expiration, the sender’s sequence number, outstanding transactions, gas limits, gas price, and fee balance before resubmitting. A committed failure is final and does not perform the intended state change.
What “pending,” “failed,” and “successful” mean on Aptos
Aptos transaction handling has several separate stages. A wallet can finish signing and return a hash while the node is still holding the transaction in its mempool. The transaction may later be committed successfully, committed with an execution failure, rejected before execution, or expire without ever committing. Treating every returned hash as proof of payment is the most common troubleshooting mistake.
| Observed state | What it establishes | What to do next |
|---|---|---|
| Hash returned by submission | The node accepted the submission request well enough to return an identifier. It does not establish commitment. | Query the hash and wait for a committed result. |
| Pending transaction | The transaction has not yet produced a committed result at the endpoint you queried. | Check expiration, account sequencing, and the node’s response before replacing it. |
Committed with success: true |
Aptos committed the transaction and its state changes. | Use the committed details as the source of truth for balances or application state. |
Committed with success: false |
Execution is final, but the requested state change was discarded. | Read vm_status, correct the cause, and submit a new transaction only if appropriate. |
| Not found | The endpoint did not return a transaction for that hash at that moment. | Verify the hash and node, then check account sequence state and the original submission response before retrying. |
Aptos’s integration guidance states: “If success is false, check vm_status for the error.” A failed committed transaction is not a delayed success and will not later reverse into one.
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Use the Aptos node or API endpoint for the same network on which the transaction was submitted. The REST operation is GET /transactions/by_hash/<hash>. Aptos also provides a wait-by-hash operation that waits for a pending transaction to commit. A wallet spinner, browser tab, or submission callback is not a substitute for querying the chain.
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What to record from the response
- The transaction hash exactly as returned by the signer or submission response.
- The transaction type and sender address, so you do not diagnose a transaction from a different account or network.
- The sender’s
sequence_numberwhen the transaction is sequenced. expiration_timestamp_secs, which tells you when the signed transaction ceases to be valid.max_gas_amountandgas_unit_price, which show the transaction’s fee ceiling and per-unit price.- The committed
successvalue and, for a failure, the completevm_status.
Poll without changing the transaction
- Query
GET /transactions/by_hash/<hash>against the correct network endpoint. - If the response is pending, use the wait-by-hash operation or query again at a reasonable interval.
- Stop treating the transaction as pending once a committed response contains
success; diagnose that value rather than relying on the wallet’s display. - Compare the current time with
expiration_timestamp_secs. An uncommitted transaction that has passed its expiration is not made valid by continuing to poll.
Do not infer success from a balance display that has not been refreshed, and do not infer failure solely because a wallet timed out. The node response and committed transaction record are authoritative for the transaction itself.
Step 2: Separate pending, committed failure, rejection, and “not found”
Pending
A pending transaction has not committed yet. It can be waiting in the mempool, waiting behind another transaction from the same account, or approaching its expiration. Do not immediately sign a replacement with the same sequence number: two competing transactions can create additional ambiguity, and a transaction that later commits could consume that sequence number.
Committed success
When the committed response reports success: true, the chain accepted the transaction’s state changes. For a transfer, verify the recipient, amount, and committed event or balance change rather than relying only on a local wallet notification.
Committed failure
Aptos documentation describes a committed failed transaction as final: it does not reverse, but the transfer or other intended change did not happen. Read vm_status to identify the execution error. Any new attempt must be a newly signed transaction with corrected inputs; retrying the old hash cannot change its result.
Rejected before execution
A node can reject a submission before it becomes an on-chain transaction. Capture the HTTP response, error code, and message. Rejection is different from a committed transaction with success: false: a rejected submission has no committed execution result to inspect.
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Not found
A lookup that returns no transaction is inconclusive by itself. Possible explanations include a mistyped hash, querying a different network, submitting to a node that never accepted the request, expiration before commitment, or an API that no longer retains the pending entry. Verify the original endpoint and hash, then inspect the sender account’s current sequence number. If that sequence number has advanced, an earlier transaction may have committed even if the lookup used the wrong hash; if it has not advanced, there is no universal rule that makes an immediate retry safe.
Step 3: Check account sequencing before you resubmit
Sequenced Aptos transactions from one account must advance contiguously. Aptos states: “Every sequenced transaction must carry the sender’s next sequence number.” A later transaction can remain blocked behind an earlier in-flight transaction, and a gap in sequence numbers prevents the node from forming a contiguous series for execution.
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How sequencing creates an apparent hang
Suppose an account submits sequence number 41 and then 42. If 41 is still pending, 42 cannot execute first. If 41 expires or is rejected, 42 may also be unusable until the account submits a valid transaction for the missing position or the account state advances according to the network’s rules. A high fee on transaction 42 does not remove this dependency.
Checks to perform
- Read the account’s current on-chain sequence number from the account or ledger-state endpoint.
- List or query the account’s outstanding transaction hashes, if your node or wallet exposes them.
- Match each signed transaction’s sequence number to the account state and identify the earliest unresolved number.
- Do not create a later transaction merely to “unstick” the account; resolve the earliest outstanding transaction first.
- If you raise the gas price for an in-flight sequence, review the earlier transactions too. Aptos cautions that earlier sequenced transactions may also need to be resubmitted at the higher price.
The account sequence number is useful for sequenced transactions. It is not a universal confirmation mechanism for every Aptos transaction type.
Sequenced and orderless transactions behave differently
Sequenced transactions
Traditional Aptos transactions carry the sender’s next sequence number. They provide strict per-account ordering, which protects against replay but means one unresolved transaction can delay later transactions from that account. Use account sequence state and outstanding hashes when diagnosing them.
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Orderless transactions
Orderless transactions use a nonce and set the sequence-number field to u64::MAX. Aptos’s orderless-transaction specification documents a maximum expiration window of 60 seconds. That short protocol window is a validity rule, not a promised confirmation time. Check an orderless transaction by its hash and committed result; do not decide that it landed merely because the account’s ordinary sequence number changed.
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Step 4: Inspect expiration, gas limits, gas price, and funds
Expiration
The transaction representation includes expiration_timestamp_secs. A signed transaction that reaches this time cannot be made valid by increasing its gas price later. Compare the expiration with the current chain time and with the time at which the node received the submission. Longer expiration may be used for sequenced transactions; orderless transactions have the documented 60-second maximum.
Maximum gas amount
max_gas_amount is the ceiling on gas units the transaction may consume. Aptos execution and storage gas must not exceed that ceiling; otherwise execution aborts. A transaction can therefore be correctly signed yet fail because the cap is too low for its instructions, storage effects, or payload.
Gas unit price
gas_unit_price affects the fee offered for each gas unit. Under load, a higher price may improve the chance that a transaction is selected for a future block. It does not dictate the order of transactions inside a block and does not bypass same-account sequence dependencies.
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Fee-paying balance
The sender must have enough balance to pay the transaction fee. Transferring away the entire balance can leave no funds for gas, causing the transaction to fail even when the transfer amount itself is available. Check the sender’s balance after accounting for the maximum possible fee, not just the amount being sent.
Simulate the exact payload
Before signing a replacement, simulate the exact transaction payload with the intended sender, arguments, type arguments, sequence or nonce, and gas settings. Use the simulation result to review the estimated gas and any execution error. Aptos notes that gas depends on instructions, storage, and payload; the live schedule is on-chain and can change, so a copied fee number is not a guarantee for a later transaction.
Step 5: Read API errors precisely
Save the complete error response rather than only the wallet’s short message. Aptos’s transaction API documents errors including the following:
| Error code | Where it points | Useful next check |
|---|---|---|
sequence_number_too_old |
The submitted sequence is behind the account’s current state. | Refresh account state and do not reuse the old signed transaction. |
vm_error |
Execution or virtual-machine validation failed. | Inspect the transaction’s vm_status or simulation result. |
rejected_by_filter |
The node’s admission filter rejected the submission. | Record the message and check node or network policy. |
health_check_failed |
The node or its dependency failed a health check. | Verify the endpoint and retry only after confirming node health. |
mempool_is_full |
The node could not accept more pending transactions. | Do not submit duplicates; use another healthy endpoint or wait for capacity to return. |
An API rejection and a committed execution failure require different remedies. The first is diagnosed from the HTTP error response; the second is diagnosed from success: false and vm_status.
Safe resubmission decisions
| Situation | Resubmit now? | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Pending sequenced transaction, expiration not reached | No, not blindly. | It may still commit and consume the sequence number, leaving a replacement invalid or conflicting. |
Committed with success: true |
No. | The requested state change already committed. |
Committed with success: false |
Only as a corrected new transaction. | The old result is final; fix the vm_status cause first. |
| Submission rejected with a clear error | Usually after correction. | Fix the reported sequence, payload, gas, balance, or endpoint issue before signing again. |
| Hash not found | Not until the submission path is verified. | Confirm hash, network, endpoint, expiration, and account sequence state; lookup failure alone is not proof of non-submission. |
| Orderless transaction past its 60-second maximum window and confirmed absent | Yes, with a new nonce and signature. | The original signed transaction is no longer valid, but confirm it did not commit before replacing it. |
A cautious replacement procedure
- Query the original hash on the same network and endpoint used for submission.
- Check whether it committed and record
success,vm_status, and the final transaction fields. - For a sequenced account, read the current sequence number and identify every earlier unresolved transaction.
- Check expiration and confirm that the sender still has funds for the fee.
- Simulate the corrected payload and review gas requirements.
- Sign a new transaction only after the original cannot produce an unwanted duplicate state change.
- Store the new hash and monitor it independently of the wallet interface.
Common failure patterns and fixes
“The wallet has spun for a long time”
Copy the hash from the submission response and query it directly. If it is pending, inspect the expiration and the account’s earliest outstanding sequence number. A spinner does not reveal whether the transaction is waiting in mempool, blocked behind an earlier sequence, or simply being viewed through a stale wallet connection.
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“The transfer says failed, but my balance did not move”
Confirm that the transaction is committed with success: false, then read vm_status. The absence of the transfer is expected for a committed failure. Correct the payload, account permissions, gas cap, or balance problem identified by the status and submit a new transaction.
“The second transaction is stuck after the first one”
Compare both sequence numbers with the account state. The second transaction cannot pass an earlier unresolved sequence. Resolve or replace the earliest transaction according to its status and expiration rather than repeatedly increasing the fee on the later one.
“A higher gas price did not help”
Gas price improves selection priority only under conditions where the node is choosing among otherwise valid transactions. It cannot repair an expired signature, insufficient balance, a low max_gas_amount, a VM error, or a sequence gap. Check those conditions before changing the price again.
“The API says the mempool is full”
This is an admission problem, not proof that the transaction failed on-chain. Save the error, avoid duplicate submissions, and use a healthy configured endpoint or wait until the node can accept transactions. Once a hash is returned, switch to hash-based status checking.
“The hash is not found”
Verify every character and the network. Check whether the submitting application reported an HTTP rejection, whether the transaction’s expiration has passed, and whether the sender’s sequence number advanced. Do not send a duplicate transfer solely because one lookup returned no record.
Information to collect when escalating a node or wallet issue
- Network name and the exact API or node endpoint.
- Transaction hash, sender address, and recipient address where relevant.
- Submission timestamp and the complete HTTP status and error body.
- Transaction type: sequenced or orderless.
sequence_numberor nonce,expiration_timestamp_secs,max_gas_amount, andgas_unit_price.- Current sender balance and account sequence number.
- Committed response, including
success,vm_status, gas used, and events when available. - Simulation output for the exact payload, if a replacement is being prepared.
These details let support distinguish an API admission issue from a mempool delay, sequence dependency, expiration, insufficient funds, or a deterministic VM failure.
What you can and cannot conclude about timing
Aptos documentation describes committed transactions as finalized, but there is no universal service-level settlement time for arbitrary network conditions. Congestion, node health, mempool capacity, transaction type, expiration, and account ordering all affect what you observe. Use status polling and the committed response rather than promising a fixed number of seconds or minutes.
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For sequenced transactions, an earlier transaction may be the real cause of a later delay. For orderless transactions, the 60-second maximum expiration is a protocol limit, not a guarantee that a valid transaction will commit within that period. For either type, a committed result with success: false is final even when the wallet presents it as a temporary error.
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