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Force a curl request to HTTP/1.1 by adding --http1.1 immediately before the URL:
curl --http1.1 https://example.comThis is a per-invocation protocol selection. It prevents that request from negotiating HTTP/2, but it does not repair a curl, libcurl, server, proxy, or gateway vulnerability. Patch the affected components, verify them, and then remove the temporary override.
What --http1.1 changes
curl normally negotiates the newest protocol available for an HTTPS connection when the local build and server support it. In that situation, HTTP/2 can be selected during TLS negotiation. The --http1.1 option tells curl to use HTTP/1.1 for the request instead, so HTTP/2 is not negotiated for that invocation.
The option applies to the request on which it appears. It does not rewrite server configuration, change the protocol capabilities of libcurl globally, or alter other programs on the host. If a script makes several curl calls, each affected call must inherit the option through the script, a wrapper, or another policy mechanism.
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For a cleartext http:// URL, curl already defaults to HTTP/1.1. Adding the option there does not normally change the wire protocol, but it makes the intended choice explicit. That can be useful when one command handles both HTTP and HTTPS URLs or when the protocol decision should be obvious in source code and operational logs.
Use the switch safely during a patch window
Apply the workaround narrowly, preserve the behavior of the original command, and document the exception. The following sequence keeps the mitigation reversible.
- Identify the affected calls. List interactive commands, shell scripts, CI jobs, cron tasks, deployment hooks, health checks, and services that invoke curl or libcurl. Record which destinations and environments are affected.
- Add the protocol option. Place
--http1.1in each affected curl invocation. A minimal HTTPS call iscurl --http1.1 https://example.com. - Keep unrelated options unchanged. Retain the existing URL, method, request body, authentication, headers, retry behavior, proxy settings, timeout values, and certificate checks. The workaround should change protocol selection, not application semantics.
- Test the result. Run the command against a representative endpoint and exercise the success path used by the script. Check the exit status and the response expected by the caller, not only whether bytes were returned.
- Record the exception. Note the reason, affected command or job, date applied, owner, and condition for removal. A temporary flag becomes permanent surprisingly easily when it is not tracked.
- Patch the underlying components. Update curl and libcurl when the advisory identifies them, and update any affected server, reverse proxy, load balancer, or gateway. curl maintains a vulnerability table, but the correct fixed version depends on the installed version and the specific advisory.
- Verify the patched path. Re-run the same functional and protocol checks after upgrades. Confirm that every relevant host, image, virtual environment, and runner received the update; patching one workstation does not patch a separate CI image.
- Remove the override. Delete
--http1.1from the command or wrapper after patching and verification. Normal protocol negotiation can then resume.
Choose the smallest effective scope
The protocol flag can be applied at several operational layers. Select the narrowest layer that covers the affected traffic so unrelated requests can continue using their normal defaults.
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| Approach | Protocol selected | Scope | Transport | Compatibility impact | Observability | Does it patch the vulnerability? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inline command | HTTP/1.1 | One invocation | HTTP or HTTPS | Lowest; only that call is changed | Visible in the command, review, and logs that capture arguments | No |
| Shell or application wrapper | HTTP/1.1 for wrapped calls | A selected script, service, or team tool | HTTP or HTTPS | Moderate; every wrapped call inherits the choice | Centralized wrapper logging can show the exception | No |
| CI or scheduled-job policy | HTTP/1.1 for matching jobs | A pipeline, runner, or schedule | HTTP or HTTPS | Moderate; jobs that do not need the workaround can remain unchanged | Job configuration and run logs expose the setting | No |
| Fleet-wide curl policy | HTTP/1.1 broadly | Many hosts or applications | HTTP or HTTPS | Highest; it can hide compatibility problems and delay normal negotiation | Requires inventory, configuration management, and expiry tracking | No |
Do not apply a fleet-wide setting merely because one endpoint is affected. Broad suppression increases the chance that an exception outlives the patch window and can mask a separate HTTP/2 interoperability issue.
HTTPS and cleartext HTTP behave differently
HTTPS URLs
For an HTTPS URL, curl and the server can negotiate HTTP/2 when both sides support it. --http1.1 constrains that connection to HTTP/1.1, while TLS encryption and certificate verification continue as before. Keep certificate validation enabled unless the original command had a documented, separate reason not to use it; changing verification while changing protocols would create an unrelated security regression.
Cleartext HTTP URLs
For an http:// URL, curl already uses HTTP/1.1 by default. The explicit switch is therefore mainly a readability and consistency measure. It is still useful in a shared script because an operator can see that both URL schemes are intentionally handled with HTTP/1.1.
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Mixed URL lists
If one invocation receives several URLs, the option applies to the transfers performed by that invocation. Test every destination: a command can succeed against one server while another has different redirects, authentication requirements, or proxy behavior. Preserve the original transfer ordering and output options while checking the results.
Do not mistake HTTP/2-enabling options for disable switches
--http2-prior-knowledge does the opposite of this workaround. It explicitly uses HTTP/2 without first negotiating it for non-TLS HTTP when the operator already knows that the server supports HTTP/2; for HTTPS, it controls the ALPN offer. It is an HTTP/2-enabling choice, not a way to turn HTTP/2 off.
The curl manual documents --no-http2-prior-knowledge as the switch that turns that mode off. That option addresses a prior-knowledge setting; it does not replace --http1.1 when the requirement is to force HTTP/1.1. Also avoid combining mutually exclusive protocol selectors. The curl manual lists --http1.1 as mutually exclusive with --http2, --http2-prior-knowledge, --http1.0, and HTTP/3 options. Keep one deliberate protocol choice in a command rather than relying on argument order to resolve a conflict.
Preserve authentication, headers, proxies, and retries
A protocol workaround should be a one-line change, not a redesign of the request. For common patterns, add the option while leaving the existing request controls intact.
GET with headers and a timeout
curl --http1.1 --fail --silent --show-error --connect-timeout 10
-H 'Accept: application/json'
https://api.example.com/statusThe method, header set, timeout, and failure handling remain explicit. If the original command used different values, retain those values instead of copying this example.
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POST with a request body
curl --http1.1 --fail --silent --show-error
-H 'Content-Type: application/json'
--data-binary '@payload.json'
https://api.example.com/eventsHTTP/1.1 selection does not change the application payload. Confirm that the receiving application accepts the same method and body, and do not add a second request merely to test the protocol if the operation is not idempotent.
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Authentication and proxies
curl --http1.1 --user "$API_USER:$API_TOKEN"
--proxy "$HTTPS_PROXY"
--retry 3 --retry-delay 2
https://api.example.com/dataKeep the credential-handling and proxy path used by the original command. A proxy can negotiate or forward protocols independently, so test from the same network segment and runner that normally performs the request. Do not place secrets in a command example that will be committed to a repository; use the existing secret store or protected variables.
Make the exception visible in scripts and CI
Shell wrapper
A wrapper is useful when many commands in one controlled workflow need the same temporary setting. Keep the option in one obvious location and pass all caller arguments through unchanged.
#!/usr/bin/env sh
set -eu
exec curl --http1.1 "$@"Name the wrapper clearly, document why it exists, and give it an owner and removal date. Avoid silently replacing the system curl for every user; an explicit wrapper makes the scope auditable.
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In a pipeline, change the command in the job definition or checked-in script rather than editing one runner by hand. Include a comment that identifies the affected advisory or incident, the date introduced, and the condition for removal. Run the job with the same proxy, certificate bundle, DNS path, and container image used in production. A green test on a developer laptop does not prove that the production runner is using the same curl/libcurl build.
Scheduled scripts
For cron or other scheduled execution, make the command-line change in the deployed script, then trigger a controlled run. Capture the exit code and the response validation already used by the job. Add the temporary exception to the schedule’s operational record so a later maintainer can remove it after patch verification.
Verify that the request is really using HTTP/1.1
Functional success alone does not prove the selected protocol. During a controlled test, enable curl’s verbose diagnostics and inspect the connection negotiation in the output:
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curl --http1.1 --verbose https://example.comUse the diagnostic output to confirm that the connection selected HTTP/1.x rather than HTTP/2, and save a sanitized copy with the test record. Verbose logs can contain URLs, headers, usernames, or other sensitive data; remove secrets before sharing them.
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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware matchCheck the response at the application layer as well. For an API, validate the expected status code and required fields. For a download, verify the file size or checksum using the process your team already trusts. For a health check, confirm the same success condition that caused the original alert. This catches cases where a transport change avoids one error but exposes an application, redirect, or authentication problem.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Troubleshooting after adding --http1.1
The command says protocol options conflict
Search the complete command, wrapper, and configuration file for another selector such as --http2, --http2-prior-knowledge, --http1.0, or an HTTP/3 option. Remove the contradictory choice and leave only --http1.1. Check generated arguments in CI as well as the source file; a shared template may append an option you did not see locally.
The request still fails with a connection or TLS error
HTTP/1.1 selection does not repair DNS, routing, firewall, certificate, TLS, proxy, authentication, or server availability problems. Compare a verbose run with and without the flag from the same host, and identify the first differing failure. Do not disable certificate verification or downgrade unrelated TLS settings as a reaction to a protocol error.
The server rejects HTTP/1.1
Some service configurations may require HTTP/2 or may expose different routing behavior by protocol. Confirm the endpoint’s supported protocols with its owner and test a designated compatibility endpoint if one exists. If HTTP/1.1 cannot serve the required operation, the workaround is not suitable for that destination; prioritize patching or correcting the affected infrastructure instead of forcing an incompatible protocol.
Redirects behave differently
Inspect each hop with verbose diagnostics and preserve the original redirect option, such as --location, only if the workflow already used it. Redirect targets can have different hosts, authentication rules, or protocol support. Test the final destination and ensure that sensitive headers are not sent to an unintended host.
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Retries and redirects can repeat non-idempotent operations. Keep the existing retry policy, understand which failures trigger a retry, and use an idempotency mechanism provided by the application when available. Do not add aggressive retries simply because the protocol was changed.
The workaround works manually but not in automation
Compare the exact curl version, libcurl features, environment, proxy variables, certificate bundle, working directory, and user permissions between the manual and automated contexts. Ensure the edited script is the one actually deployed and that a container or runner image was rebuilt after the change. Record the command safely enough to audit it without exposing credentials.
Patch responsibility remains separate from protocol selection
For a vulnerability or security advisory, identify every component named as affected: curl command-line binaries, libcurl consumers, servers, reverse proxies, gateways, and images that package them. Use the installed version and advisory scope to choose an appropriate fixed release; there is no universal upgrade number that fits every incident.
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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesAfter upgrading, restart processes that keep libcurl or proxy libraries loaded, refresh immutable images, and verify that the running process—not merely the package manager database—uses the intended version. Re-run the previously failing request and the normal regression tests. Keep the temporary flag until those checks pass, then remove it and monitor the first requests that return to normal negotiation.
Removal checklist
- Every affected curl and libcurl installation is mapped to an owner.
- The relevant curl, libcurl, server, proxy, or gateway updates are installed at versions appropriate to the advisory.
- Long-running processes, containers, and scheduled jobs are restarted or rebuilt where required.
- The original request succeeds without
--http1.1in a representative environment. - Verbose diagnostics or equivalent telemetry confirm the expected post-patch negotiation.
- The flag is removed from inline commands, wrappers, CI definitions, and scheduled scripts.
- The exception record is closed with the verification date and the components updated.
Bottom line
Use curl --http1.1 URL as a targeted, reversible compatibility measure while a confirmed issue is being fixed. It forces HTTP/1.1 for that request, leaves cleartext HTTP’s existing default explicit, and avoids HTTP/2 negotiation on HTTPS. It is not a security patch: update the affected curl/libcurl and infrastructure, verify the repaired path, and remove the override so normal protocol negotiation can resume.
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