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The safest pattern is to keep the key out of your repository and command line, then make it available only to the OpenCode process that needs it. For one developer, use OpenCode’s supported authentication commands, a protected environment variable, or a permission-restricted file outside the project. For teams and CI, use a secrets manager that can issue scoped credentials at runtime, record access, and support rapid rotation.
Never put a real key in opencode.json, source control, shell startup files, command history, logs, prompts, or copied transcripts. If a key appears in any of those places, revoke it and create a replacement.
Choose the storage method by your operating situation
There is no single “secure location” for every CLI. The right choice depends on who needs the credential, whether the command runs interactively or in CI, and how quickly you must revoke or audit access.
| Method | Where the value rests | How it reaches the CLI | Best fit | Main limitation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OpenCode saved account | OpenCode’s server SQLite database, normally ~/.local/share/opencode/opencode.db; XDG_DATA_HOME, release channel, or OPENCODE_DB can change the location |
OpenCode reads the account after login | One developer using a provider interactively | Anyone who can access the local user account and database may be able to use the credential; team auditing is limited |
| Environment variable | The process environment and whatever can observe that process | Injected by a launcher, CI secret store, keychain integration, or vault | Short-lived local sessions, automation, and headless jobs | Environment values can leak through debugging, crash reports, child processes, or misconfigured logs |
| Protected file substitution | A file outside the repository, such as ~/.secrets/openai-key |
OpenCode reads the file through {file:path} |
Local development when a file is necessary | The file remains a plaintext secret unless the operating system or a secret store protects it |
| Managed vault or CI secret manager | Centralized encrypted storage controlled by policy | Runtime injection, often through a short-lived service identity | Multiple users, environments, and production automation | Requires setup, access policy, and operational maintenance |
For a personal workstation, start with OpenCode’s own login flow or a protected runtime variable. Move to a vault when several people, repositories, or deployment environments need the same provider access.
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Use OpenCode’s supported authentication flow first
OpenCode documents four provider credential methods: API key, OAuth, command, and environment. API-key, OAuth, and command logins create saved accounts. Environment credentials are read from the server process and are not saved as accounts.
Log in without editing internal files
- Run
opencode auth loginand follow the provider-specific prompts. - Check the available connections with
opencode auth list. - If several saved accounts exist, select the intended one with
opencode auth switch. - When access is no longer required, remove a saved account with
opencode auth logout.
OpenCode also supports its /connect command from an interactive session. Use these interfaces instead of editing the SQLite database, changing rows by hand, or copying tokens into configuration files.
Know where saved credentials live
OpenCode says saved API keys and OAuth tokens are stored in a server SQLite database. The usual local path is ~/.local/share/opencode/opencode.db, but the actual path can differ when XDG_DATA_HOME, the release channel, or OPENCODE_DB is configured. Treat the database and its parent directories as sensitive: keep the operating-system account protected, avoid placing the data directory on an untrusted shared volume, and include it in your local backup and device-access review.
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Do not assume that knowing the path makes manual inspection safe. Database copies, backups, filesystem snapshots, and support bundles can all become additional credential copies. Use OpenCode’s commands for account management and protect the host that runs the server.
Understand account precedence
A saved account takes precedence over an environment connection for the same integration. This can make a correctly injected variable appear to be ignored. If OpenCode is using an unexpected identity, run opencode auth list, identify the saved account for that provider, and switch or log out of it before testing the environment-based connection.
Environment connections can appear in opencode auth list, but opencode auth logout cannot remove them because they are not saved accounts. Remove or change the variable in the launcher, shell, service configuration, CI secret store, or vault that supplied it.
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Keep keys out of opencode.json with substitutions
OpenCode configuration supports environment and file substitutions. These let you commit a non-secret configuration template while the real value stays outside it.
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{
"provider": {
"openai": {
"options": {
"apiKey": "{env:OPENAI_API_KEY}"
}
}
}
}The literal key is not in the JSON file. A launcher, password manager, CI system, or vault must set OPENAI_API_KEY before the OpenCode server starts. Restrict the variable to the process that needs it whenever possible rather than adding it permanently to a global shell profile.
File substitution
{
"provider": {
"openai": {
"options": {
"apiKey": "{file:~/.secrets/openai-key}"
}
}
}
}OpenCode documents {env:VARIABLE_NAME} and {file:path}. Relative paths resolve from the configuration-file directory. Absolute paths can begin with / or ~. A file reference keeps the value out of opencode.json, but it does not secure the file automatically.
Protect a local secret file
On a Unix-like system, create the directory and file outside the repository, make the file readable only by your account, and ensure the file contains only the key with no diagnostic text:
mkdir -p ~/.secrets
chmod 700 ~/.secrets
printf '%sn' 'REPLACE_WITH_YOUR_KEY' > ~/.secrets/openai-key
chmod 600 ~/.secrets/openai-key- Do not put
~/.secretsinside a synchronized project folder or shared drive. - Do not commit the file, add it to an archive, or paste its contents into an issue or chat.
- Check ownership and permissions after restoring a backup or moving to a new machine.
- Use your organization’s approved encrypted store instead of a local file when several people or systems need access.
Inject credentials only for the process that needs them
Runtime injection reduces how long a secret is present and avoids writing it into a script. It is a transport mechanism, not a vault: the operating system, parent process, child processes, debugging tools, and logs still need protection.
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OpenCode documents starting a standalone server with a provider variable:
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ANTHROPIC_API_KEY=REPLACE_WITH_YOUR_KEY opencode --standaloneDo not replace the placeholder with a real key in a command that will be saved to shell history or copied into documentation. Have a secret manager or protected launcher supply the value, or set it in a controlled session and clear it when the process ends.
Shared background service
For OpenCode’s shared background server, set a provider variable with:
opencode service set env NAME VALUERemove it with:
opencode service unset env NAMEUse these commands only from a trusted account and be aware that the service’s configuration becomes another place requiring access control. Verify the resulting connection with opencode auth list. If you later change to a saved account, remember that the saved account can override the environment connection for that provider.
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Command-line arguments are often visible to other users through process inspection and may be recorded by wrappers or monitoring tools. Prefer an environment variable supplied by a secret manager, a protected file reference, or standard input supported by the specific CLI. Avoid commands shaped like tool --api-key REAL_SECRET, and never enable verbose or debug output until you know it redacts authorization headers and request bodies.
Use a vault for teams, CI, and production
A managed vault or CI secret manager becomes worthwhile when credentials are shared across people or environments. It should provide more than encrypted storage.
Required controls
- Least privilege: create provider credentials with only the APIs, projects, rate limits, and spending limits required for the job.
- Separation: use different credentials for personal work, team development, staging, and production so one leak does not cross environments.
- Short lifetime: prefer short-lived tokens or dynamic credentials when the provider supports them.
- Audit trail: record which identity retrieved a secret, from where, and when.
- Service identities: give CI a dedicated account restricted to the vault entries and repositories it needs.
- Rotation: make replacement routine and test that applications can reload the new value without a long outage.
- Revocation: provide an immediate way to disable a compromised key and identify every consumer that used it.
A concrete runtime pattern
- Store the provider key in the vault under an environment-specific name.
- Give a developer or CI service identity read access only to that entry.
- At job start, authenticate the identity using the platform’s approved method.
- Inject the value into the OpenCode process as
OPENAI_API_KEYor the provider variable OpenCode expects. - Run OpenCode without printing the environment or command arguments.
- Revoke the identity or expire the lease when the job ends if the platform supports ephemeral access.
One implementation is 1Password’s CLI: its op run command resolves secret references for a child process, while op read and op inject support scripts and configuration templates. Its documentation also describes shell plugins and service accounts restricted to selected vaults. The important property is the pattern—resolve at execution time without putting plaintext in source—not the particular product.
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Apply the same design to other CLI tools
AWS, Git hosting, cloud, database, and vendor CLIs differ in variable names and login commands, but the security model is the same:
- Commit only a template containing variable names or secret references.
- Retrieve the real value from an approved vault, password manager, OS keychain, or CI secret store.
- Inject it into the smallest possible process scope.
- Run the command without echoing the value, request headers, or configuration dump.
- Clear temporary files and revoke or rotate credentials when exposure is suspected.
GitGuardian’s command-line guidance states: “Never enter or store passwords, API keys or any other secrets in plaintext.” That includes scripts, README examples, issue comments, terminal recordings, and generated troubleshooting bundles. A placeholder such as REPLACE_WITH_YOUR_KEY is safe for documentation; a real-looking value is not.
Close the common leakage paths
Git repositories and backups
Use pre-commit secret scanning and repository push protection where available, but treat scanners as a last line of defense. A key that was committed remains in clone directories, forks, object databases, pull-request caches, and backups even after the visible line is deleted. Revoke it first, then remove the exposed material from repository history according to your platform’s procedure.
Shell history
Inline assignments, command arguments, and pasted scripts can be retained in history files or terminal synchronization services. Do not paste a real key into a command. Use a vault-backed launcher, an interactive prompt that does not echo, or a protected environment setup that is not recorded. Review history after an accidental paste and rotate the credential rather than relying on deletion alone.
Logs, diagnostics, and process inspection
Disable request-body and header logging for authenticated calls. Check that error handlers redact authorization headers and environment values. Be cautious with set -x, shell tracing, CI “print environment” steps, crash dumps, and support archives. Restrict access to the host and to tools that can inspect another process’s environment.
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Do not paste keys into an AI prompt, terminal transcript, ticket, or screen recording—even when asking for help debugging authentication. Replace the value with a placeholder and include only the variable name, error class, provider, and non-sensitive configuration. If a transcript already contains a key, treat it as compromised and rotate it.
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Rotate and recover after exposure
- Revoke immediately: disable the provider key or token in the provider’s console or identity system.
- Assess the scope: identify repositories, logs, transcripts, machines, CI jobs, and people that may have seen it.
- Inspect usage: review provider activity, spending, and access logs for unexpected requests.
- Replace it: create a new credential with narrower permissions, separate environment scope, and appropriate limits.
- Update consumers: change the vault entry, CI secret, protected file, or OpenCode account through the supported interface.
- Remove copies: clean repositories, temporary files, logs, and shared documents, while recognizing that deletion does not undo prior access.
- Verify: run
opencode auth list, test the intended provider, and confirm the old credential no longer works.
Rotation should be scheduled according to the risk of the provider and environment, not postponed until an incident. Production and high-spend credentials deserve tighter scopes, shorter lifetimes, and more frequent review than disposable development keys.
Troubleshoot an OpenCode credential safely
OpenCode uses the wrong account
Run opencode auth list. A saved account may be taking precedence over the environment variable. Use opencode auth switch or opencode auth logout for the saved account, then retry without printing the key.
The environment connection is missing
Confirm that the variable is set in the same server process that runs OpenCode, not only in a different terminal. Check the provider variable’s spelling and restart the standalone or background server after changing it. Environment connections are not removable with auth logout; change the launcher or service environment instead.
A file substitution fails
Check whether the path is relative to the configuration-file directory, whether ~ expands to the intended account, and whether the OpenCode server can read the file. Confirm that the file contains only the expected value and that permissions do not grant access to unrelated users. Do not solve a permissions error by making the file world-readable.
CI works locally but fails headlessly
Ensure the CI identity can read the specific secret, the variable is exported to the OpenCode child process, and no interactive OAuth step is required. Prefer a service account or short-lived token designed for automation. Keep diagnostic output limited to variable names and status codes, never values or full authenticated requests.
A practical policy for an individual developer
- Use
opencode auth loginfor an interactive provider account when local account protection is acceptable. - Use
{env:NAME}when a launcher or secret manager can inject the value for one process. - Use
{file:~/.secrets/name}only for a necessary local file, with account-only permissions and no repository synchronization. - Keep separate credentials for personal, work, development, and production use.
- Never put real values in code, command arguments, history, logs, prompts, or transcripts.
- Review provider usage and rotate credentials after any suspected disclosure.
A practical policy for teams
- Use a centralized vault or CI secret manager rather than sharing files or copying keys between developers.
- Grant read access through named users and restricted service accounts, not a common team password.
- Record retrievals and review them for unusual locations or times.
- Set provider-level budgets, scopes, and environment boundaries.
- Document the revoke-and-replace procedure and test it before an incident.
- Keep OpenCode configuration in source control only as a non-secret template using substitutions.
OpenCode’s own commands are the safest way to manage saved accounts, while environment and file substitutions provide a clean boundary between configuration and value. A vault adds the controls needed when that boundary must work across people, machines, and automated pipelines.
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