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If Nginx shows its welcome page or Gunicorn loads a different Django project, fix the two routing boundaries separately: make Nginx select the intended server block for the request’s host and port, then make that block proxy to the Gunicorn service that starts the correct Django module. Disable the packaged default site when it competes on the same port, verify the systemd unit’s working directory and virtual environment, test the configuration, and reload both services in that order.
Why the default page or wrong project appears
There are two independent decisions in this stack. Nginx first chooses a virtual server. It compares the address and port in the listen directive with the connection, then compares the HTTP Host header with each candidate’s server_name. If no name matches, Nginx sends the request to that port’s default server. When no block is marked default_server, the first loaded server for the port becomes the default. The Nginx documentation describes it this way: “If its value does not match any server name, or the request does not contain this header field, then nginx will route the request to the default server for this port.”
After choosing a server block, Nginx either serves a file from that block’s root or forwards the request through proxy_pass. A welcome page therefore usually means the request never reached your intended block, or that block still points at a default document root.
Gunicorn makes a second decision when it starts. Its application argument, working directory, Python executable, environment variables, and optional Python path determine which Django package is imported. The normal convention is gunicorn myproject.wsgi, run from the directory that contains manage.py. A service that starts from another directory, uses another virtual environment, or names another *.wsgi module can serve a perfectly healthy but entirely different project.
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Map the running stack before changing it
Do not edit a guessed file. First inspect what Nginx and systemd actually loaded.
- Print the complete Nginx configuration, including files pulled in with
include:sudo nginx -T - List the distribution’s available and enabled site files. Debian- and Ubuntu-style installations commonly use these directories:
ls -la /etc/nginx/sites-available/ ls -la /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ - Search the expanded configuration for every listener, server name, proxy target, and document root:
sudo nginx -T | grep -E 'listen|server_name|proxy_pass|root|default_server' - Identify the service that launches Gunicorn. The name may be a project-specific unit such as
myproject.serviceor a template instance such asgunicorn@myproject.service:systemctl list-units --type=service | grep -i gunicorn sudo systemctl cat myproject.service - Record the endpoint in the unit’s
--bindoption and compare it with the Nginxproxy_passtarget. They must describe the same socket or the same TCP address and port.
The output of nginx -T is more reliable than looking at one file because an enabled symlink, an included fragment, or a distribution drop-in may change the effective configuration.
Make Nginx select your real domain
Declare every hostname you intend to serve
Edit the site file that is enabled for the public listener. A minimal HTTP block for a domain and its www alias looks like this:
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
}Replace the example names and endpoint with your values. If TLS is terminated by Nginx, make the equivalent changes in the HTTPS block that listens on port 443; changing only the port-80 block will not fix HTTPS traffic. Keep the exact spelling of the hostnames that DNS and users send. A request for www.example.com does not match a block that lists only example.com.
Understand IP-address tests
Opening http://203.0.113.10 sends an IP value in the Host header, not your domain. Unless that IP is listed in server_name, Nginx may correctly select the default server even though the domain works. Test the domain while connecting to the server’s address by supplying the intended host header:
curl -I -H 'Host: example.com' http://203.0.113.10/For HTTPS, the TLS server-name indication also matters. Use the real domain in a browser or a curl request that resolves the domain to the target address; an IP-only HTTPS test can select a different certificate and server block.
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Disable the packaged default site when it conflicts
Most Debian-family packages install a sample site, often enabled through /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default. If it listens on the same address and port, it can win requests whose host name does not match your block, and it can become the first server loaded when no explicit default exists.
After confirming that your own site file is enabled, remove only the enabled link for the sample site, not an unrelated configuration:
sudo rm /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginxSome teams prefer to retain a deliberate catch-all rather than have an arbitrary first block receive unknown hosts. In that case, mark your own block explicitly and return a clear response:
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
server_name _;
return 444;
}Use a redirect instead of return 444 if you intentionally want unmatched hosts sent to a canonical domain. The important point is that the catch-all must be a conscious choice, not the distribution’s welcome page.
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Nginx and Gunicorn can communicate through a Unix-domain socket or loopback TCP. Either works; a mismatch produces a 502 response even when Gunicorn itself is healthy.
| Arrangement | Gunicorn bind example | Nginx upstream example | Operational concerns |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unix socket | --bind unix:/run/gunicorn/myproject.sock |
upstream django { server unix:/run/gunicorn/myproject.sock; } followed by proxy_pass http://django; |
The socket directory must exist at boot, and Nginx’s user must have permission to traverse the directory and open the socket. |
| Loopback TCP | --bind 127.0.0.1:8000 |
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000; |
No socket-file permissions are involved, but the port must be free and the service must bind the same address Nginx uses. |
A complete Unix-socket pattern is:
upstream django {
server unix:/run/gunicorn/myproject.sock;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://django;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
}Do not silently leave an old socket path in Nginx after renaming the project. Check the live endpoint with:
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sudo ss -lx | grep gunicorn
sudo ss -ltnp | grep 8000The first command finds Unix sockets; the second finds TCP listeners. If the service uses socket activation, inspect the associated .socket unit as well as the .service unit so that the path is not created in one place and referenced differently in another.
Correct the systemd unit that starts Gunicorn
Open the unit shown by systemctl cat. Verify five values together: WorkingDirectory, the Python executable in ExecStart, the WSGI module, the service user and group, and the bind argument. A representative unit is:
[Unit]
Description=Gunicorn for myproject
After=network.target
[Service]
User=www-data
Group=www-data
WorkingDirectory=/srv/myproject
ExecStart=/srv/myproject/venv/bin/gunicorn --workers 3 --bind unix:/run/gunicorn/myproject.sock myproject.wsgi:application
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target/srv/myproject must be the directory containing manage.py, unless you intentionally provide another import path. The virtual-environment executable should belong to the same environment where Django and the project’s dependencies are installed. The module in this example means a package named myproject with a wsgi.py file. Gunicorn also accepts the shorter myproject.wsgi form; use the form already supported by your project and keep the module name aligned with the package that contains settings.py.
If the project relies on an explicit settings module, add it in the unit’s environment or an environment file, for example:
Environment=DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=myproject.settingsUse --pythonpath only when the project layout requires it. An unnecessary Python path can make Gunicorn import a second copy of a package elsewhere on the server, which looks like a wrong-project failure.
After editing a unit, make systemd reread it and restart the service:
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sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable myproject.service
sudo systemctl restart myproject.service
sudo systemctl status myproject.service --no-pagerDo not assume that a successful restart means the intended application loaded. The status output and journal identify the command that ran and any import or settings errors.
Validate Gunicorn’s resolved configuration
Gunicorn provides two useful checks. Run them with the same virtual-environment executable and application module used by systemd:
/srv/myproject/venv/bin/gunicorn --print-config myproject.wsgi:application
/srv/myproject/venv/bin/gunicorn --check-config myproject.wsgi:application--print-config displays the effective settings, including the bind value, worker settings, configuration file, and other options after defaults and files are applied. --check-config validates that the application can be configured without starting a long-running server. If either command imports the wrong package, fix WorkingDirectory, the module name, the virtual environment, or DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE before touching Nginx.
You can isolate the application from Nginx by temporarily running Gunicorn on a test loopback port as the deployment user:
cd /srv/myproject
/srv/myproject/venv/bin/gunicorn --bind 127.0.0.1:8010 myproject.wsgi:applicationIn another shell, request that port:
curl -i http://127.0.0.1:8010/Stop the temporary process after the test. If this direct response is the correct Django site, the remaining fault is in Nginx selection or proxying. If it is the wrong site, Nginx is not involved; repair the Gunicorn invocation.
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- Save the intended Nginx site file and confirm its symlink appears in
sites-enabledor its equivalent include directory. - Remove or deliberately replace the packaged default site if it shares the public listener.
- Check that the systemd unit’s working directory, executable, WSGI module, environment, and bind endpoint describe the intended project.
- Run
sudo nginx -t. Do not reload if the test reports a syntax or include error. - Reload Nginx without dropping established connections:
sudo systemctl reload nginx - Restart Gunicorn only after its unit is correct, then check status and recent logs:
sudo systemctl restart myproject.service sudo journalctl -u myproject.service -n 100 --no-pager - Test through Nginx using the real domain or an explicit host header:
curl -i -H 'Host: example.com' http://127.0.0.1/
Reloading Nginx cannot repair an application that is not listening, and restarting Gunicorn cannot make Nginx choose a different virtual server. Keeping the checks in this order narrows the fault quickly.
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Keep static files from masquerading as the default site
Production deployments commonly let Nginx serve static files directly and send dynamic requests to Gunicorn. That is separate from application forwarding. A static location might look like:
location /static/ {
alias /srv/myproject/staticfiles/;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://django;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}Use the actual directory produced by your Django static-file process. An incorrect root or alias can return files from a distribution document root, making CSS, JavaScript, or even an index page appear to belong to the default site. Confirm that the request is handled by the intended server block and that the filesystem path exists and is readable by Nginx.
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Do not place a broad root directive in a catch-all block and assume it will fall through to the proxy block. Once Nginx selects a server, its locations determine the response; another server’s proxy settings are not consulted.
Diagnose the common symptoms
| Symptom | Most likely boundary | Checks and fix |
|---|---|---|
| Nginx welcome page or distribution index | Nginx selected the packaged default server, or your site file is not included. | Inspect nginx -T, compare listen and server_name, verify the enabled-site link, and remove or replace the default site. |
| The wrong Django project responds | Gunicorn imported another module or started from another directory. | Check ExecStart, WorkingDirectory, virtualenv path, DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE, and any --pythonpath. Run --print-config and a direct Gunicorn request. |
| 502 Bad Gateway | Nginx cannot connect to the Gunicorn endpoint. | Check service status and logs, compare the bind argument with proxy_pass, verify the TCP port is listening, or verify socket existence and directory permissions. |
| Static files show a default page or wrong assets | The selected server has the wrong root/alias, or another server block handled the request. |
Inspect the matching server and location in nginx -T; correct the static path and ensure the files are readable. |
| The domain works but the server IP shows the default | The IP value in the Host header does not match the domain’s server_name. |
Use the domain for testing, send an explicit host header, or list the IP deliberately if that access path is required. |
| Changes seem ignored | An old configuration is still loaded or the wrong unit was restarted. | Use nginx -T, inspect enabled links, run systemctl cat for the active unit, then test and reload/restart the identified services. |
Choose between a Unix socket and loopback TCP
Both endpoint types are valid, so choose based on the rest of your service management rather than mixing examples. A Unix socket avoids a listening TCP port and is common when Nginx and Gunicorn share a host. It adds filesystem ownership and directory-permission requirements. A loopback TCP bind is easier to inspect with standard socket tools and avoids stale socket files, but the port must remain unique and bound to the address Nginx uses.
- Use a Unix socket when you already manage a dedicated runtime directory and can guarantee that the Nginx user can access it.
- Use loopback TCP when several local services need simple port-based discovery or when socket-directory permissions are causing repeated failures.
- Do not expose Gunicorn on a public interface merely to simplify Nginx configuration; bind to loopback unless another trusted component explicitly requires network access.
Whichever arrangement you choose, document the endpoint in one place and copy it exactly into the other. A path differing by one directory or a port differing by one digit is enough to produce a 502.
Final verification checklist
- The intended Nginx file is included and enabled.
- The public
listenaddress and port are present in that file. server_namecontains the production domain and any required alias.- The packaged default site is disabled, or a deliberate catch-all is configured.
proxy_passpoints to the exact socket or loopback port Gunicorn binds.- The systemd
WorkingDirectorycontains the intended project’smanage.py. ExecStartuses the correct virtual environment and WSGI module.- User, group, runtime-directory, and socket permissions allow Nginx to connect.
nginx -tsucceeds before every reload.- Gunicorn status and journal logs show a clean start.
- A direct Gunicorn request returns the intended Django project.
- A request through Nginx with the real host header returns that same project.
The reliable end state
A correct deployment has an unambiguous chain: the request’s host and port match one intentional Nginx server block; that block’s dynamic location forwards to one known Gunicorn socket or loopback port; and the systemd unit behind that endpoint starts the intended Django WSGI module from the directory containing the project. Once those three identities agree, disabling the sample site and reloading Nginx removes the default page without guesswork.
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