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The reliable way to speed up Drupal with Varnish is to place Varnish between visitors and Drupal, cache anonymous responses at the proxy, and connect Drupal’s cache-tag invalidation to Varnish. Drupal serves each uncached request from the origin; Varnish can return a cached response without waking Drupal, while tags let you remove only pages affected by an edit instead of emptying the entire cache.
A production setup therefore has three parts: a separate Varnish listener, Drupal’s browser/proxy cache settings, and a Purge configuration that sends Drupal’s invalidation metadata to Varnish. The details below show how to build that arrangement without caching private sessions or exposing an unsafe purge endpoint.
What Varnish changes in a Drupal request
Varnish is a reverse-proxy cache, not a replacement for Drupal. The visitor connects to Varnish first. If a suitable object is already cached, Varnish returns it immediately. On a miss, Varnish forwards the request to Drupal’s web server, receives the response, stores an eligible copy, and serves it to the visitor. Subsequent anonymous requests can avoid PHP execution, database queries, and application bootstrap until the object expires or is invalidated.
The standard topology uses different ports for the proxy and the origin:
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| Layer | Typical listener | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Varnish | HTTP 80 and HTTPS 443 | Receives public traffic, applies VCL rules, serves cache hits, and forwards misses. |
| Drupal web server | HTTP 8080 and HTTPS 8443 | Origin backend that generates responses when Varnish cannot serve them. |
The exact arrangement depends on where TLS terminates. Varnish may receive HTTPS directly, or another TLS terminator may pass traffic to Varnish. Confirm which component owns the certificate, and make sure the origin receives the correct Host, client-IP, and scheme-forwarding headers. A mismatch can create redirect loops, wrong absolute URLs, or cache entries associated with the wrong hostname.
Requirements and decisions before installation
- A Drupal site that can be tested in a staging environment with production-like cache settings.
- Administrative access to the web server, Varnish service, firewall, and Drupal command line.
- A plan for origin ports, TLS termination, trusted proxy headers, and the canonical hostname.
- A decision about which responses are public. Anonymous pages are usually the first candidates; authenticated, personalized, cart, preview, and other session-dependent responses normally require an explicit bypass.
- A private management path or trusted network from which Drupal can send BAN or PURGE requests.
Do not begin by caching every response. First identify pages that include a logged-in user name, permissions, forms with per-session tokens, shopping-cart state, or other private data. A fast private-data leak is a serious failure, so VCL should bypass those requests before performance tuning.
Step 1: Put Varnish in front of the origin
- Move the origin listener. Configure the Drupal web server to listen on a separate backend port such as 8080 for HTTP and 8443 for HTTPS. Keep the site’s virtual-host configuration, document root, PHP handling, and Drupal settings intact.
- Bind Varnish to the public ports. Configure Varnish to receive HTTP on port 80 and HTTPS on port 443, according to the TLS design you selected. If a separate TLS terminator is used, document the hop order and the header it sets to indicate HTTPS.
- Define the backend. In VCL, point the Drupal backend at the origin address and its new port. Use the correct health-check and connection timeouts for your hosting environment rather than copying values blindly.
- Preserve routing headers. Forward the original host and client information required by Drupal and your logs. Confirm that Drupal recognizes the proxy as trusted; otherwise it may generate incorrect links or treat every request as coming from the proxy.
- Verify the path before enabling caching. Request the site through Varnish and directly from the origin. Check status codes, redirects, canonical URLs, HTTPS detection, uploaded files, and administrative paths. Only then turn on cache storage for public responses.
Keep a direct, access-controlled origin route for troubleshooting. It should not be publicly reachable as an alternative that bypasses security controls.
Step 2: Install Drupal’s Purge integration
Drupal’s Purge system connects content changes to external cache invalidators. From the Drupal root, install the two packages used by the official integration tutorial:
composer require drupal/purge drupal/purge_purger_httpEnable the Purge UI, token support, queue/queuer component, late-runtime processor, cron processor, and HTTP tag-header purger components with Drush. Component machine names vary between Purge releases, so inspect the modules supplied by the installed version and use the names documented for that release rather than assuming an older command will work. A typical workflow is:
drush pml --status=enabled,disabled | grep purgeThen enable the matching components shown by that command, for example:
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drush en purge_ui purge_tokens purge_processor_lateruntime purge_processor_cron purge_purger_httpTreat that command as a version-sensitive example: the queue and HTTP tag-header components may have more specific machine names in your release. Run database updates, clear Drupal caches, and confirm that the Purge administration pages are available before configuring a purger.
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Step 3: Set Drupal’s browser and proxy cache age
In Drupal, open Configuration > Development > Performance and locate Browser and proxy cache maximum age. This setting controls the cache lifetime advertised to browsers and shared proxies through Drupal’s cache headers. It does not, by itself, install Varnish or tell Varnish how to invalidate an object.
Choose a lifetime that matches your invalidation reliability:
| Publishing pattern | Practical starting approach | What must be true |
|---|---|---|
| Frequent editorial changes with dependable Purge processing | Use a long age, such as hours or a day, and let tags remove changed objects. | Tag headers, BAN requests, queue workers, and authorization are all working. |
| Occasional updates or uncertain invalidation | Use a shorter age while you validate the integration. | Editors accept that unchanged pages may still be regenerated periodically. |
| Highly dynamic or personalized pages | Do not cache those responses publicly; adjust Drupal and VCL rules. | Session and permission boundaries are explicit. |
A long time-to-live is useful only when invalidation is trustworthy. Otherwise, visitors can see old content until the age elapses. Save the setting, clear Drupal caches, and inspect response headers from a public page to confirm the intended cache-control policy reaches Varnish.
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Drupal emits cache-tag metadata, including Purge-Cache-Tags, describing the content and configuration objects a response depends on. When an editor changes a node or related entity, Drupal can invalidate only objects carrying the affected tags.
Configure Generic HTTP Purger
In the Purge administration interface, add a Generic HTTP Purger endpoint for the Varnish service. Configure it to send BAN requests to a private Varnish address and to include Drupal’s invalidation expression in the request header. The VCL ban logic then matches that expression against the tags stored on cached objects.
Use the late-runtime processor when invalidation should be attempted during the request that caused the change. Enable the cron processor and a queue when work may be deferred or when a large edit would otherwise make the editorial request slow. The queue can be processed manually with:
drush p-queue-workRun the worker under the same operational account and environment used by cron. Watch for authentication failures, unreachable endpoints, and a queue that grows faster than it is consumed.
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Why tags permit a long TTL
A URL-only purge asks the proxy to remove one known address. Tag invalidation can remove every cached representation associated with a changed entity, view, taxonomy term, or configuration dependency. That selective behavior means objects can remain cached for a long time when they are unchanged, while an edit removes only the affected set instead of flushing the whole site.
Step 5: Build Drupal-aware VCL
VCL is the control plane for request handling, backend routing, caching decisions, and response headers. The official Drupal example is a starting point, not a universal drop-in: adapt it to your Varnish version, hostname, TLS path, Drupal modules, and session behavior.
Allow only cache-safe methods
Cache ordinary GET and HEAD requests. Pass state-changing methods such as POST, PUT, PATCH, and DELETE to Drupal. These methods may create content, submit forms, change accounts, or otherwise require application processing.
Bypass private and personalized requests
Authenticated users, requests carrying Drupal session cookies, administrative paths, previews, and responses with private cache directives should normally bypass shared caching. Review every cookie your modules set; do not assume that a cookie is harmless because its name is unfamiliar. If only some cookies identify a session, remove unrelated analytics cookies from the cache key while still bypassing the session cookie.
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Query parameters can create many cache keys for the same page, but removing parameters blindly can break search, filters, pagination, or tracking behavior. Define an allowlist of parameters that change the response and decide how to handle analytics parameters. Test canonical URLs, faceted navigation, and form submissions after normalization.
Handle static assets separately
CSS, JavaScript, images, fonts, and other immutable or versioned assets can usually have different caching rules from HTML. Respect Drupal’s asset query strings when they identify a new file version. Do not apply HTML cookie or session bypass logic in a way that prevents all static assets from caching.
Route the correct host
Set the backend and host checks so that a cache entry for one domain cannot be served on another. Redirect alternate hostnames before caching, or include the host in the cache key. Test both HTTP-to-HTTPS redirects and every supported canonical hostname.
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Store and match tag metadata
Ensure the response header containing Drupal’s cache tags is retained on the object, even if you do not expose unnecessary internal headers to end users. BAN logic needs that metadata to find affected objects. Confirm that your Varnish release supports the expression syntax used by the example VCL and adjust it when the release differs.
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Step 6: Protect BAN and PURGE operations
Invalidation is an administrative capability. Restrict it with a VCL access-control list containing only the Drupal server, localhost, or a tightly controlled management network. Reject requests from every other address and return an error rather than performing a purge.
An illustrative structure is:
acl purge_clients { "127.0.0.1"; "10.0.0.10"; }
sub vcl_recv {
if (req.method == "PURGE" || req.method == "BAN") {
if (!(client.ip ~ purge_clients)) {
return (synth(405, "Not allowed"));
}
if (req.method == "PURGE") {
return (purge);
}
ban("obj.http.Purge-Cache-Tags ~ " + req.http.Purge-Cache-Tags);
return (synth(200, "Ban added"));
}
if (req.method != "GET" && req.method != "HEAD") {
return (pass);
}
}This is a pattern to adapt, not a promise that the same syntax fits every Varnish release. Validate it with the VCL compiler and your deployment’s authentication model. Never expose an unrestricted PURGE or BAN endpoint to the public internet, and log rejected attempts.
Step 7: Enable compression and observe the result
Varnish can gzip content fetched from the backend before delivering it, reducing the number of bytes transferred for compressible responses. Compression does not guarantee a specific page-load improvement: the result depends on response size, network conditions, client support, cache hit rate, and origin latency. The official material does not establish a universal percentage speed-up.
Measure the deployment instead of relying on a headline number. Track:
- Cache-hit, miss, pass, and hit-for-pass rates.
- Backend response time and total request time.
- Object age and the proportion of responses reaching their configured age.
- Ban or purge counts, queue depth, processing failures, and retry volume.
- HTTP errors, redirect loops, and origin saturation.
- Compressed and uncompressed response sizes for representative HTML and assets.
Compare the same URLs with a warm cache and a cold cache, and separate anonymous traffic from authenticated traffic. A higher hit rate is not automatically better if it comes from caching content that should be private.
Testing checklist before production
- Request a public page twice and verify that the second response is a cache hit according to your Varnish headers or logs.
- Log in as a test user, request the same page, and confirm that session-specific content is not served from an anonymous object.
- Edit a node, taxonomy term, or configuration item in Drupal.
- Check that Drupal emits the expected cache tags and that Purge places an invalidation job in the configured processor or queue.
- Run
drush p-queue-workwhen testing queued processing, then request the edited page and verify that the new content appears without a site-wide flush. - Send a BAN or PURGE request from an approved address and from an unapproved address. The first should perform the authorized operation; the second should be rejected.
- Test GET, HEAD, POST, redirects, query parameters, file downloads, images, CSS, JavaScript, and fonts.
- Repeat the tests through each public hostname and through the real TLS path.
- Restart services and confirm that the intended VCL, backend ports, ACLs, and queue workers return after deployment.
Troubleshooting common Drupal and Varnish failures
Drupal still shows an old page after an edit
Check the invalidation queue first. If it is growing, the processor or cron worker is not completing. If it is empty, inspect the Generic HTTP Purger endpoint, the BAN request header, and Varnish logs. Confirm that the cached object retained Purge-Cache-Tags and that the tag expression matches the BAN rule. As a temporary recovery measure, purge the affected URL or use a controlled cache flush, then fix tag delivery before restoring a long TTL.
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Every request is a miss
Look for a session cookie, an accidental pass rule, a changing query string, a response marked private or no-cache, or a host mismatch. Check whether Drupal is sending a Set-Cookie header on anonymous pages and whether VCL is configured to avoid storing those responses.
Users see another user’s content
Immediately disable shared caching for the affected route, purge existing objects, and review cookie and authorization rules. The usual causes are caching authenticated requests, ignoring a session cookie, or stripping a query parameter that changes the response. Do not treat this as a tuning issue; it is a data-isolation incident.
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Review TLS termination and forwarded scheme headers. Drupal must trust the proxy that sets them, and the origin virtual host must match the forwarded hostname. Test the request directly at the origin and through Varnish to identify which hop changes the scheme or host.
BAN requests return an error
Verify the client IP seen by Varnish, the ACL entry, firewall rules, HTTP method, required tag header, and VCL syntax for your Varnish version. A request from Drupal’s private address can still fail if an intermediate proxy changes the source address.
Choosing a TTL without creating stale-content risk
TTL is a policy decision, not a single Drupal setting. Use the longest age that your editors can tolerate when invalidation is unavailable, then rely on tags to remove changed objects earlier. Shorten it while diagnosing purge reliability, during migrations, or when a site has content that changes without emitting dependable tags. Keep personalized and state-changing responses out of shared caching regardless of TTL.
When evaluating a future CDN or another reverse proxy, compare the invalidation model, TLS and geographic edge coverage, policy flexibility, observability, operational complexity, and cost. Varnish’s documented strength here is a local reverse-proxy layer with programmable VCL and Drupal-aware tag invalidation; the supplied technical material does not establish a neutral performance benchmark against other products.
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Pin and review Drupal Purge modules alongside Drupal core updates, because component names and compatibility can change between releases. Revalidate VCL whenever you add a module that sets cookies, introduces a personalized route, changes query-string behavior, or alters cache tags. Keep purge credentials and ACLs out of publicly readable configuration, rotate them with the rest of your infrastructure secrets, and alert on failed invalidations rather than discovering them through an editor’s complaint.
The fastest safe Drupal installation is not the one with the most aggressive cache. It is the one that caches clearly public responses at the edge, bypasses private work, and invalidates changed objects predictably. With Varnish on ports 80/443, Drupal on separate origin ports such as 8080/8443, a tested Drupal-aware VCL, and working tag-based Purge processing, you can use a long cache age without routinely flushing the entire site.
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