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Give each subdomain its own Nginx server block, set an exact server_name, and assign a different root. DNS must send every hostname to the Nginx server; Nginx then uses the request’s Host header to choose the matching block. The request URI is appended to that block’s root, so app.example.com/images/logo.png can map to /var/www/app.example.com/public/images/logo.png while the blog hostname maps to a different directory.
How the mapping works
Three layers must agree:
- DNS: Each subdomain needs an
A,AAAA, or environment-appropriate record pointing to the Nginx host. - Host matching: Nginx compares the HTTP
Hostheader withserver_namevalues and selects one virtual server block. - Filesystem mapping: The selected block’s
rootis the base directory. Nginx appends the URI to it when looking for a file.
If a request does not match the intended name, it can fall through to the default server. That is why a correctly written file can still produce the standard Nginx welcome page.
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Recommended directory and configuration layout
For a small, known set of subdomains, keep one site per directory and one server block per hostname:
/var/www/app.example.com/public
/var/www/blog.example.com/public
/etc/nginx/conf.d/app.example.com.conf
/etc/nginx/conf.d/blog.example.com.confLinux installations commonly keep the main configuration under /etc/nginx and include feature or site files from /etc/nginx/conf.d. Your distribution may instead use a sites-enabled-style layout; the important requirement is that the active http configuration includes both files.
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Build two subdomains with separate roots
1. Create a test page in each root
Create the directories and put unmistakably different content in each one. The Nginx worker must be able to traverse every parent directory and read the files.
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/app.example.com/public
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/blog.example.com/public
sudo tee /var/www/app.example.com/public/index.html >/dev/null <<'EOF'
<!doctype html>
<html><body><h1>Application subdomain</h1></body></html>
EOF
sudo tee /var/www/blog.example.com/public/index.html >/dev/null <<'EOF'
<!doctype html>
<html><body><h1>Blog subdomain</h1></body></html>
EOFUse permissions appropriate for your operating system and Nginx worker account. A permission problem is different from a routing problem: routing selects the block, while permissions determine whether the selected worker can read the resulting path.
2. Create one server block per hostname
Place the following in the active configuration directory, adjusting the hostnames and paths to your environment:
server {
listen 80;
server_name app.example.com;
root /var/www/app.example.com/public;
index index.html;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name blog.example.com;
root /var/www/blog.example.com/public;
index index.html;
}Both blocks may listen on the same address and port. Nginx distinguishes them by server_name. With the configuration above, a request for /images/logo.png on the application hostname is looked up under /var/www/app.example.com/public/images/logo.png; the same URI on the blog hostname is looked up under the blog root.
3. Make sure the files are included
A syntactically correct file has no effect if the running http context never includes it. Check your distribution’s include directives and confirm both configuration files are part of the active configuration. If your system uses a separate enabled-sites directory, enable the files using that system’s normal mechanism.
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4. Point DNS at the Nginx host
Create the records for app.example.com and blog.example.com. An A record handles IPv4 and an AAAA record handles IPv6; use the record types required by your hosting environment. DNS caching and propagation can delay the change, so a newly created record may not be visible from every network immediately.
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5. Test and reload Nginx
Validate the complete configuration before reloading:
sudo nginx -tProceed only when the test reports a successful configuration. Then reload through your operating system’s service manager so workers receive the new configuration without unnecessarily stopping active connections:
sudo systemctl reload nginxIf your installation does not use systemctl, use its documented service-management command after the same configuration test.
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6. Verify each hostname
Open both hostnames and confirm that each distinctive test page appears. An HTTP client is useful because it makes the hostname explicit:
curl -i http://app.example.com/
curl -i http://blog.example.com/Before DNS is live, send the intended Host header to the server’s IP address:
curl -i -H 'Host: app.example.com' http://SERVER_IP/
curl -i -H 'Host: blog.example.com' http://SERVER_IP/Replace SERVER_IP with the Nginx server address. This test separates Nginx routing from DNS propagation.
How Nginx chooses a server block
When several virtual servers listen on the same address and port, Nginx examines the request’s Host header. Matching has a defined order: exact names are considered before wildcard names, and regular-expression names have their own precedence rules. A hostname that matches none of the intended names is handled by the default server for that listening socket.
Prefer exact names for independent sites
Use server_name app.example.com; and server_name blog.example.com; when deterministic routing matters. Exact names make configuration review and troubleshooting straightforward.
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Understand wildcard capture
A wildcard can be useful when many hostnames intentionally share behavior, but it can also capture a name you expected to reach another block. Review wildcard and regular-expression entries whenever an apparently correct exact block is ignored.
Be deliberate about the default server
The default server receives unmatched requests. Leaving an unintended default block enabled is a common reason for seeing the generic welcome page. Keep a deliberate default policy and avoid relying on it for production hostnames.
Static roots versus proxied applications
The example above serves files directly from disk. That is appropriate for static HTML, CSS, JavaScript, images, and similar assets. A subdomain that runs an application server usually needs a different design: Nginx still selects the block with server_name, but the block forwards requests to an upstream service instead of resolving every URI below a static root.
| Design | What selects the site | Where content comes from | Best fit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Separate static roots | Exact server_name in each block |
Files below that block’s root |
Independent static sites or asset trees |
| Wildcard hostname block | Wildcard matching | Usually shared logic or computed upstream behavior | Many intentionally uniform subdomains |
| Reverse-proxy block | Exact or wildcard server_name |
An application listening behind Nginx | Dynamic web applications and APIs |
Do not add a filesystem root merely because a proxied application has a hostname. Choose the content model first, then configure the matching block accordingly.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.HTTP and HTTPS configurations
HTTP-only blocks are useful for initial routing tests, but production sites normally need TLS. HTTPS introduces another listening endpoint and certificate configuration. Create an HTTPS server block for each hostname (or use a deliberate certificate and hostname strategy), keep the same exact-name routing, and decide whether the port-80 block should serve content or redirect to HTTPS. Test both endpoints after certificates and redirects are in place.
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The key routing rule does not change: the request must match the intended server_name on the listener that received it, and the selected block must point at the intended root or upstream.
Troubleshooting by symptom
The default Nginx page appears
- Check that the browser or client is requesting the expected hostname, not the server IP or a misspelled subdomain.
- Compare the hostname character-for-character with
server_name. - Confirm the file is included in the active
httpconfiguration. - Check which block is the default for that address and port and whether a wildcard or regular-expression name is capturing the request.
- Run
nginx -t, then reload after correcting the configuration.
A request returns 404
A 404 generally means routing reached a block but the requested URI does not exist below its configured root. For a request such as /images/logo.png, verify the file is at the corresponding path under the selected root, including capitalization and every directory component. A wrong root can therefore look like a missing-file problem even when the file exists under another site.
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Nginx reports permission denied
Check traversal permissions on every parent directory and read permission on the target file for the Nginx worker account. Also check mandatory access-control policies where your operating system uses them. Fix permissions on the selected root rather than changing the hostname mapping.
Edits seem to be ignored
Editing a file does not change running workers until the file is included, the configuration passes validation, and Nginx is reloaded. Repeat all three checks. If the syntax test fails, Nginx keeps the previous working configuration rather than applying the broken edit.
Only one subdomain works
Test DNS records independently and then test with explicit Host headers. If the header test works but the public hostname does not, investigate DNS caching or an intermediate proxy. If the header test also fails, inspect the server-name match, include path, listening address, and default-server selection.
A wildcard sends traffic to the wrong site
Search all active files for wildcard and regular-expression server_name directives. Remove an overly broad pattern or replace it with exact names when the sites need independent roots.
Operational checklist
- Each subdomain resolves to the intended Nginx host.
- Each hostname has an exact
server_namewhere deterministic routing is required. - Each static site has its own
rootand a test file with distinctive content. - The Nginx worker can traverse the root and read requested files.
- Configuration files are included by the active
httpcontext. nginx -tsucceeds before every reload.- Both browser requests and explicit-
Hosttests return the expected content. - HTTPS blocks, certificates, and HTTP-to-HTTPS behavior are tested separately when TLS is enabled.
When to consolidate configuration
One file per subdomain is easiest to audit when the set is small and each site has different settings. A consolidated file can be reasonable when several blocks share logging, TLS, headers, or deployment conventions, provided every block still has an unambiguous hostname and root. The decision is organizational; it does not change Nginx’s matching or URI-to-root rules.
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