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npm trusted publishing lets a supported CI/CD workflow authenticate to npm with OpenID Connect (OIDC) and short-lived credentials instead of a long-lived npm publish token. To set it up, configure the package on npm to trust the exact CI identity, grant the workflow the provider-specific OIDC permissions, and run a successful publish promptly. The feature requires npm CLI 11.5.1 or later and Node.js 22.14.0 or later. It does not replace credentials needed to install private dependencies.
What npm trusted publishing changes—and what it does not
With traditional automation, a workflow commonly stores an npm write token as a secret. Anyone or anything that obtains that token may be able to use it until it expires or is revoked. Trusted publishing instead lets npm verify a configured CI/CD identity through OIDC and issue short-lived credentials for the permitted publishing operation. npm describes the feature as publishing directly from CI/CD workflows using OIDC, “eliminating the need for long-lived npm tokens” for that purpose: npm trusted publishing documentation.
This is not a general login for the npm CLI. Trusted publishing can authorize package publishing, staging a package for later approval, and distribution-tag operations when explicitly permitted. It does not authenticate package installation or unrelated npm commands. If a build needs to download private dependencies, retain a separate, read-only granular token for installation where applicable.
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Check requirements and choose the supported CI provider
npm’s documented trusted-publishing support requires npm CLI 11.5.1 or later and Node.js 22.14.0 or later. The currently documented environments are GitHub Actions on GitHub-hosted runners, GitLab CI/CD on GitLab.com shared runners, and CircleCI cloud. Self-hosted runners are not currently supported. Confirm the runner and tool versions used by the actual release job, not merely those on a developer workstation.
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| Provider | Supported runner or service | Identity to configure at npm | OIDC setup in CI | Automatic provenance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GitHub Actions | GitHub-hosted runners | Owner or organization, repository, workflow filename (including .yml or .yaml), and optionally GitHub environment |
Grant id-token: write to the publishing workflow |
Available for qualifying public repositories and packages; not for private repositories |
| GitLab CI/CD | GitLab.com shared runners | Namespace, project, CI file path, and optionally environment | Set the id_tokens audience to npm:registry.npmjs.org |
Available for qualifying public repositories and packages; not for private repositories |
| CircleCI | CircleCI cloud | CircleCI organization, project, pipeline definition IDs, and VCS origin | Obtain an audience-scoped OIDC token and expose it to npm as NPM_ID_TOKEN |
Not generated for CircleCI trusted publishes |
These support and provenance conditions are described in npm’s trusted-publishing documentation. Availability can change, so check the current provider instructions before changing a release pipeline.
Prepare the package and release workflow
Pin down the CI identity
Identify the exact package, repository or project, and workflow or pipeline definition that will publish. npm checks identity claims against the trusted-publisher settings; a near match is still a mismatch. For GitHub, note the workflow file’s filename rather than its path. For GitLab, note the CI file path. Also decide whether the job should release directly or only stage a package for maintainer approval.
Confirm the release job’s runtime
Ensure the job that performs the npm publish uses the required Node.js and npm versions. If your workflow installs or selects versions dynamically, verify the resolved versions in that job. A compliant local setup does not make an older CI runtime compliant.
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Configure npm and CI for your provider
In the package settings on npmjs.com, open the trusted-publishing section and create a trusted-publisher connection for the selected provider. Enter the identity fields exactly as they appear in the CI configuration. npm does not validate every field when you save the connection, so saving successfully is not proof that the workflow will authenticate.
GitHub Actions
- In the npm package’s trusted-publishing settings, choose GitHub Actions and enter the owner or organization, repository, workflow filename, and optional GitHub environment. Include the filename extension; do not enter a directory path in the workflow filename field.
- In the publishing workflow, grant the job or workflow
id-token: write. Keep other permissions no broader than the workflow needs. - Run the intended publish job on a GitHub-hosted runner using the required Node.js and npm versions.
Follow npm’s GitHub Actions trusted-publisher instructions for the current settings and workflow details.
GitLab CI/CD
- In npm’s trusted-publishing settings, choose GitLab and enter the namespace, project, CI file path, and optional environment matching the pipeline that will publish.
- Configure the job’s
id_tokensaudience asnpm:registry.npmjs.org. - Run the publishing job on a GitLab.com shared runner with the required Node.js and npm versions.
The audience must match exactly. See npm’s GitLab CI/CD trusted-publisher instructions.
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- In npm’s trusted-publishing settings, choose CircleCI and enter the CircleCI organization, project, and pipeline definition IDs, along with the VCS origin.
- Configure the workflow to obtain an audience-scoped OIDC token and make it available to npm in
NPM_ID_TOKEN. - Run the publish job in CircleCI cloud with the required Node.js and npm versions.
Use npm’s CircleCI trusted-publisher instructions for the token and pipeline configuration expected by the current integration.
Using npm trust commands
The npm CLI also provides npm trust commands to create trusted-publishing relationships. Direct publishing and stage publishing require at least one permission to be granted. If you configure the relationship through the CLI, choose permissions that match the release process rather than granting capabilities the workflow does not need. See the npm trusted-publishing documentation for available commands and permissions.
Verify the workflow before retiring tokens
A newly created trusted-publisher configuration must complete its first successful publish within two days or it expires. Schedule a real test publish soon after setup, using the intended repository, workflow and environment. Do not revoke the existing automation token before the OIDC workflow has succeeded.
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- Start the exact CI workflow that will publish, rather than testing a different job or a local command.
- Confirm the workflow is using the required Node.js and npm versions and a supported runner.
- Check the npm package settings against the identity in the job: provider, owner or namespace, repository or project, workflow filename or CI file path, optional environment, and provider-specific token settings.
- Verify the operation that matters to your release process: publish directly, or stage for approval. Confirm the package or staged version appears as expected in npm.
- After OIDC publishing works, restrict traditional token-based publishing access in package settings if that fits your process, then revoke automation tokens that are no longer needed.
If the first publish fails, correct the identity or token configuration and rerun the intended workflow within the two-day window. npm’s configuration-save step does not catch every mismatch; successful execution is the meaningful validation.
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Direct publish
Use direct publishing when the CI workflow is authorized to release a version as soon as its checks pass. Grant only the trusted-publisher permissions needed for that operation, and preserve any independent review or release controls your project requires.
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Stage for approval
Stage-only publishing lets CI submit the package while requiring a human to review and approve it before public release. This separates the ability to build and submit from the final release decision. Choose this path when that approval is an intentional part of the team’s release process, and configure the corresponding stage-publish permission.
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What provenance does—and does not—come with trusted publishing
Automatic provenance is not guaranteed by enabling OIDC. npm documents provenance for GitHub Actions and GitLab CI/CD when the repository and package meet its qualifying public-project conditions. Private repositories do not qualify, and CircleCI trusted publishing does not currently generate automatic provenance. Treat authentication and provenance as separate properties: a successful trusted publish does not by itself establish that provenance was generated.
For current eligibility details, consult npm’s trusted-publishing documentation.
Quick Recap
Troubleshoot common authentication failures
- GitHub reports an identity or authentication mismatch: Compare the npm owner or organization, repository, workflow filename including extension, and optional environment with the workflow that actually ran. Check that the job has
id-token: write. - GitLab cannot authenticate: Verify namespace, project, CI file path and optional environment, then check that the OIDC token audience is exactly
npm:registry.npmjs.org. - CircleCI cannot authenticate: Recheck organization, project, pipeline definition IDs, and VCS origin; confirm the audience-scoped token is supplied to npm as
NPM_ID_TOKEN. - The job runs on a self-hosted runner: The currently documented support does not include self-hosted runners. Move the publishing job to a supported runner or use another authentication approach.
- Publishing works but private dependency installation fails: Trusted publishing does not grant install access. Use a separate read-only granular token for private dependency installation where needed.
- Publishing works but provenance is absent: Check whether the provider, repository visibility, and package meet npm’s documented provenance conditions; CircleCI trusted publishing and private repositories are not covered by automatic provenance.
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