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Lighttpd can serve different HTTPS certificates for multiple domains on one IP address by using TLS Server Name Indication (SNI). Enable TLS on the :443 socket, assign a deliberate default certificate there, then override ssl.pemfile and ssl.privkey inside a $HTTP["host"] conditional for every additional hostname. During the TLS handshake, an SNI-capable client sends the hostname it wants; Lighttpd uses that name to select the corresponding certificate.
The default certificate remains essential. A client may omit SNI, or a request may use a hostname for which no conditional exists. In either case, Lighttpd presents the certificate configured on the HTTPS socket, so choose that fallback deliberately and test it.
How Lighttpd chooses a certificate
HTTPS begins with a TLS handshake, before the HTTP request is available. SNI is a TLS extension that lets the client send the requested hostname during that handshake. Lighttpd can use the hostname to select a certificate while several domains share the same IP address and port.
Lighttpd’s configuration has two levels in this arrangement:
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- The
$SERVER["socket"] == ":443"block enables TLS and defines the fallback certificate. - Each
$HTTP["host"]conditional overrides the certificate files for one hostname.
This is different from selecting a certificate after ordinary HTTP routing. The certificate must be available at handshake time, which is why the hostname conditionals and their spelling matter. A request for example.org is not the same match as www.example.org; configure both when both names are used.
What you need before changing the configuration
- A Lighttpd build with
mod_opensslavailable and loaded. - An HTTPS listener on port 443 and a reachable DNS record for every hostname.
- A certificate and matching private key for each independently issued hostname or certificate set.
- Readable certificate files and private keys with permissions that allow the Lighttpd process to open them while keeping private keys restricted.
- A plan for the default certificate presented to SNI-less clients and unknown hostnames.
- If using HTTP-01 validation with Let’s Encrypt, an HTTP service on port 80 that can answer the challenge for the hostname.
Check the installed Lighttpd version before copying directives. The official references place the ssl.* directives in mod_openssl from Lighttpd 1.4.46 onward and identify ssl.privkey as available from 1.4.53.
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Build the shared HTTPS socket
Start with one socket block. It turns on TLS and defines the certificate that Lighttpd will use when no more specific host match supplies another one.
server.modules += ("mod_openssl")
$SERVER["socket"] == ":443" {
ssl.engine = "enable"
ssl.pemfile = "/etc/lighttpd/ssl/default.example.pem"
ssl.privkey = "/etc/lighttpd/ssl/default.example.key"
}ssl.engine = "enable" activates TLS for the socket. ssl.pemfile points to the server certificate file, and ssl.privkey points to the private key when that key is not embedded in the PEM file.
The default certificate is not optional in a multi-certificate design. It is the certificate used when the client does not send SNI and the certificate used when no host conditional matches. Pick a hostname whose certificate is an intentional fallback, rather than leaving an arbitrary or expired certificate in that role.
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Add one host conditional per additional name
After the socket block, add a conditional for each hostname that needs a different certificate. The hostname must match the value sent by the client, and the paths must point to the certificate and key issued for that name.
$HTTP["host"] == "www.example.org" {
ssl.pemfile = "/etc/lighttpd/ssl/www.example.org/fullchain.pem"
ssl.privkey = "/etc/lighttpd/ssl/www.example.org/privkey.pem"
}
$HTTP["host"] == "mail.example.org" {
ssl.pemfile = "/etc/lighttpd/ssl/mail.example.org/fullchain.pem"
ssl.privkey = "/etc/lighttpd/ssl/mail.example.org/privkey.pem"
}With this arrangement, a client that sends www.example.org in SNI receives the first certificate, while a client that sends mail.example.org receives the second. Any unmatched name falls back to the certificate in the :443 block.
Keep the conditionals unambiguous. Use the exact DNS name, including the www prefix when it is part of the URL. If users can reach both an apex name and its www form, provide a certificate covering both names or create separate matching rules as appropriate to the certificates you obtained.
Certificate and key file requirements
Put the chain in the correct order
Lighttpd’s ssl.pemfile must contain the server certificate and, when applicable, the intermediate certificates in the correct order. For a separately issued certificate, the common deployment pattern is a file containing the leaf certificate followed by its intermediate chain. A browser or command-line client can then build a trusted path without fetching an intermediate from elsewhere.
Keep the private key separate when needed
If the private key is not inside the PEM file, set ssl.privkey to the corresponding key file. The key must match the public key in the certificate selected for that hostname. Do not pair a key from one domain with the certificate from another; Lighttpd may fail to start or the TLS handshake may fail.
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Use a complete, matching set for each host
For every conditional, verify all three relationships: the conditional’s spelling matches the requested hostname, the PEM contains the certificate for that hostname, and the private key belongs to that certificate. A certificate that covers only the apex domain will not automatically cover www, and the reverse is also true unless both names are included in the certificate’s names.
Complete two-domain example
The following configuration uses one fallback certificate and two host-specific certificates. Adapt paths and names to your own layout.
server.modules += ("mod_openssl")
$SERVER["socket"] == ":443" {
ssl.engine = "enable"
ssl.pemfile = "/etc/lighttpd/ssl/default.example.pem"
ssl.privkey = "/etc/lighttpd/ssl/default.example.key"
}
$HTTP["host"] == "www.example.org" {
ssl.pemfile = "/etc/lighttpd/ssl/www.example.org/fullchain.pem"
ssl.privkey = "/etc/lighttpd/ssl/www.example.org/privkey.pem"
}
$HTTP["host"] == "mail.example.org" {
ssl.pemfile = "/etc/lighttpd/ssl/mail.example.org/fullchain.pem"
ssl.privkey = "/etc/lighttpd/ssl/mail.example.org/privkey.pem"
}The socket block supplies the fallback. The two host conditionals replace only the certificate settings for their matching names; the TLS engine remains enabled by the socket configuration.
Using Let’s Encrypt certificates
Lighttpd’s official how-to documents Certbot and Let’s Encrypt. Its example maps privkey.pem to ssl.privkey and fullchain.pem to ssl.pemfile, and sets a minimum TLS protocol of TLS 1.2 through the OpenSSL configuration command.
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server.modules += ("mod_openssl")
$SERVER["socket"] == "0.0.0.0:443" {
ssl.engine = "enable"
ssl.privkey = "/etc/letsencrypt/live/www.example.com/privkey.pem"
ssl.pemfile = "/etc/letsencrypt/live/www.example.com/fullchain.pem"
ssl.openssl.ssl-conf-cmd = ("MinProtocol" => "TLSv1.2")
}For multiple domains, apply the same file mapping to each host conditional, using the directory and certificate names produced for that hostname or certificate set. The exact paths depend on how Certbot issued the certificates.
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Make HTTP-01 validation reachable
HTTP-01 validation requires the hostname to answer the challenge on port 80. Ensure DNS points the name to this server, the firewall permits port 80, and Lighttpd (or the validation routing you configured) serves the challenge location. A certificate configuration on port 443 cannot by itself satisfy an HTTP-01 challenge.
Reload after renewal
Certificate files can change when Certbot renews them, but the running Lighttpd process must be reloaded or restarted according to your deployment’s process before it presents the new certificate. After the operation, connect to each hostname and inspect the certificate actually served; do not assume that updated files were picked up automatically.
Validate the configuration before and after enabling it
- Confirm that
mod_opensslis loaded in the Lighttpd configuration. - Check that the HTTPS socket is the one receiving traffic on port 443 and that it contains
ssl.engine = "enable". - Confirm that the socket has a readable default
ssl.pemfileand, when separate, a readable defaultssl.privkey. - Review every
$HTTP["host"]conditional character by character. Check apex versuswww, spelling, punctuation and certificate path. - Run your distribution’s Lighttpd configuration test before reloading the service. A syntax or file-read error should be fixed before replacing the running process.
- Verify that every PEM contains the leaf certificate and the required intermediate chain in order, and that each private key matches its certificate.
- Connect separately using every configured hostname and inspect the presented certificate and chain. The certificate subject or covered names should correspond to the hostname you tested.
- Test an intentionally unknown hostname and, where possible, an SNI-less client. Confirm that the deliberate default certificate appears rather than an expired or unrelated certificate.
- If you use Certbot’s HTTP-01 method, request a challenge or otherwise verify that port 80 routes the challenge correctly.
Testing each name separately matters because a successful connection to one hostname proves only that one conditional and certificate chain work. It does not prove that another conditional is spelled correctly or that its key matches.
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The wrong certificate appears for a known hostname
- Check whether the client actually sent SNI. Older clients and some specialized probes may omit it.
- Compare the requested hostname with the exact text in the
$HTTP["host"]conditional. An apex name and awwwname require separate matching logic unless one certificate and rule intentionally cover both. - Confirm that the request reaches the expected IP address. DNS pointing to another server will produce that server’s certificate, regardless of this configuration.
- Check that the host-specific files are readable and that the daemon was reloaded after a configuration or certificate change.
Lighttpd will not start or reload
- Inspect the configuration-test output for syntax errors, missing files and permission failures.
- Verify that
mod_opensslis installed and loaded and that the running Lighttpd version supports the directives you used. - Check the PEM and private-key pairing. A mismatched key can prevent certificate initialization.
- Look for an incorrect certificate-chain file. The server certificate and intermediates must be present in the expected order.
Browsers report an incomplete or untrusted chain
Rebuild the ssl.pemfile with the leaf certificate followed by the required intermediate certificates. Supplying only the leaf certificate can leave clients unable to construct the trust chain, even when the certificate itself is valid.
Renewed certificates are not visible
Check the timestamps and contents of the files referenced by Lighttpd, then reload or restart the daemon as required by your process. Test the live endpoint afterward; checking files on disk alone does not prove which certificate the running process has loaded.
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SNI on one IP versus separate IP addresses
SNI is the scalable option when several HTTPS names share an address. The historical alternative is to assign one IP address per domain and bind each certificate to a separate $SERVER["socket"] block.
| Consideration | SNI with host conditionals | Separate IP addresses |
|---|---|---|
| Client compatibility | Requires the client to send the hostname in SNI; SNI-less clients receive the default certificate. | Works with clients that do not send SNI because each address has its own certificate. |
| Address use | Several hostnames share one IP and port, conserving IPv4 addresses. | Requires an address for each certificate or domain. |
| Certificate selection | Uses the default socket certificate plus $HTTP["host"] overrides. |
Binds a certificate directly to each socket. |
| Failure behavior | An omitted or unmatched hostname receives the deliberate default certificate. | The address itself determines which certificate is presented. |
| Operations | One HTTPS listener with certificate paths maintained in host conditionals. | Multiple socket definitions and address assignments to maintain. |
Choose separate addresses only when compatibility with non-SNI clients is a hard requirement and the additional address space is available. For modern HTTPS hosting, SNI avoids that address cost, but it makes the default certificate and hostname conditionals operationally important.
Version and inheritance considerations
The official Lighttpd references describe ssl.* directives in mod_openssl from version 1.4.46 onward and ssl.privkey from 1.4.53. Later documentation also discusses inheritance and certificate-refresh behavior. Because directive support and reload behavior can vary by installed release, compare your version with the matching Lighttpd reference before deploying a copied example.
Do not infer support solely from the configuration syntax. Confirm the module is present, test the complete configuration with the installed binary, and verify the live certificate after every reload or renewal.
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Operational practices that prevent outages
- Keep certificate and key paths organized by hostname so a conditional cannot accidentally reference another domain’s files.
- Use a known-valid fallback certificate and monitor its expiration separately from the host-specific certificates.
- Restrict private-key permissions and avoid placing keys in web-accessible directories.
- Automate renewal only together with a tested reload step; issuance without reload leaves the old certificate active.
- Retest every hostname after adding, removing or renaming a conditional, and include an unknown-name test to verify fallback behavior.
- Document whether each certificate covers an apex name, a
wwwname, or both, so DNS and Lighttpd rules remain aligned.
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