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Use two layers to balance traffic worldwide: authoritative DNS chooses a healthy regional endpoint, and NGINX on each Ubuntu region distributes requests among local application servers. This design keeps global steering separate from per-region reverse-proxy work, so a failed region can be removed from DNS while surviving regions continue serving traffic.
Multiple A or AAAA records alone provide only simple round-robin DNS. Health-aware failover, geographic policies, and latency-based routing require an authoritative DNS load-balancing service with pools and monitors. NGINX Open Source can passively avoid failed upstreams; active, interval-based HTTP health checks are documented for NGINX Plus.
What global load balancing does
Global server load balancing (GSLB) distributes traffic among server resources in different points of presence. In this design, DNS is the global decision layer and NGINX is the regional decision layer:
- Authoritative DNS: returns the address of a regional load balancer according to the policy you configure, such as availability, geography, or performance.
- Regional NGINX: terminates or passes through the web connection and proxies it to an upstream group of application instances in that region.
- Health monitoring: removes an unhealthy region from DNS rotation and lets NGINX stop sending requests to failed local instances.
A DNS answer change does not move an already-established TCP connection or an in-progress HTTP request. Clients and recursive resolvers can continue using a cached answer until its TTL expires, while existing connections remain attached to the old endpoint. Plan both DNS convergence and connection draining when you design failover.
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Reference architecture and prerequisites
Start with at least two regions. Each region should have equivalent application releases, TLS policy, firewall rules, observability, and NGINX configuration. A useful minimum layout is:
| Layer | Typical components | Responsibility |
|---|---|---|
| Authoritative DNS | Regional endpoints, pools, monitors, steering policy | Chooses which region a new client lookup receives |
| Region edge | One or more Ubuntu hosts running NGINX | Accepts public HTTP/HTTPS traffic and proxies it locally |
| Regional upstream | Application servers such as app-a:8080 and app-b:8080 |
Runs the application and handles requests |
| Operations | Logs, metrics, alerting, deployment and rollback procedures | Detects failures and makes changes repeatable |
Before publishing DNS, confirm that every region can serve the same host names, certificate names, authentication flow, session strategy, and data dependencies. If a user can be routed to either region, both regions must be able to complete the request or your application must deliberately constrain state to a region.
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- Give each regional NGINX endpoint a stable public IPv4 address and, where used, IPv6 address.
- Permit only the required public ports (normally 80 and 443 for web traffic) and the private application ports from NGINX to the upstream servers.
- Restrict administrative access separately from application traffic.
- Create an authenticated or private health URI that reports success only when the application can serve real traffic, including required dependencies.
- Keep NGINX files and DNS policy in source control. Record who can change pools, monitors, certificates, and TTLs.
Install NGINX on each Ubuntu regional host
Use the NGINX package source supported by your Ubuntu release and your organization’s patching policy. On a host with the standard Ubuntu package index, the basic installation is:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install nginx
sudo systemctl enable --now nginx
sudo nginx -t
The final command must report that the syntax is valid before you reload. Apply the same package and hardening policy in every region; configuration drift can make a DNS failover appear successful while the replacement region returns different behavior.
Configure a regional HTTP load balancer
For HTTP and HTTPS, define an upstream group in the http {} context, then point the public virtual host at that group with proxy_pass. The following example uses two application instances listening on port 8080:
http {
upstream app_region_east {
server app-a.internal:8080;
server app-b.internal:8080;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.example.test;
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_pass http://app_region_east;
}
}
}
Put the site in the Ubuntu-enabled configuration directory used by your package, validate it with sudo nginx -t, and reload with sudo systemctl reload nginx. A reload applies the new workers without needlessly dropping existing connections. Use HTTPS in production and install a certificate whose names cover the public host name. If TLS terminates at NGINX, install the same certificate policy in every region and preserve the original scheme in the forwarded header.
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Choose the upstream scheduling method
NGINX Open Source uses round-robin by default and also supports least-connected, IP-hash, least-time, and weighted methods. Select a method based on application behavior rather than assuming that one is universally best.
| Method | Configuration shape | When it fits | Important limitation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Round-robin | No method directive | Instances have similar capacity and requests cost roughly the same | Does not account for current connection count or request duration |
| Least connections | least_conn; |
Requests hold connections for different lengths of time | Connection count is not the same as CPU, queue, or application health |
| IP hash | ip_hash; |
A client needs a degree of source-IP affinity | Users behind NAT can concentrate on one instance; changing membership alters mapping |
| Least time | least_time; where available in your build |
You want latency-aware selection among upstreams | Verify module and edition support before relying on it |
| Weighted | server app-a.internal:8080 weight=3; |
Instances have different capacity or you are performing a controlled canary | Weights express preference, not a health guarantee |
You can combine a scheduling method with per-server parameters. For example, an illustrative passive-failure configuration is:
upstream app_region_east {
least_conn;
server app-a.internal:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=10s;
server app-b.internal:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=10s;
}
Here, NGINX counts failures according to the configured values, temporarily avoids a server during fail_timeout, and later tests it again with live requests. Treat the numbers as a starting example: tune them against normal latency, retry behavior, and the application’s error profile.
Health checks and failure handling
What Open Source NGINX checks
NGINX Open Source provides passive, in-band failure handling. It learns that an upstream is failing while proxying real client requests, marks the server temporarily unavailable after the configured failures, and tries it again later. This protects the regional pool from an instance that is refusing connections or returning proxy-level failures, but it does not continuously probe an idle server.
Passive checks also have a blind spot: if no user request reaches an unhealthy instance, NGINX has no new in-band event to evaluate. DNS monitors therefore need their own regional endpoint, and your application should expose a health URI that represents usable service rather than merely an open TCP port.
Active checks with NGINX Plus
NGINX Plus can actively request a URI at intervals and evaluate configured status, header, or body conditions. It also provides configurable pass/fail counts, shared upstream zones, monitoring, and an API for dynamic changes. Those controls are useful when you need a server removed before a customer request reaches it, or when several NGINX workers must share one health state.
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Design a meaningful health endpoint
Make the endpoint cheap, authenticated where appropriate, and explicit about dependencies. A successful response should mean that the instance can accept normal application traffic, not just that the process is alive. Consider checking database connectivity, required queues, configuration validity, and the ability to serve a representative read. Avoid a health check that performs a destructive write or depends on a slow third-party service unless that dependency is essential to every request.
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Build authoritative DNS steering
In your authoritative DNS load-balancing service, create one endpoint for each regional NGINX address. Group endpoints into pools and attach monitors to the public hostname or a dedicated health hostname. A monitor should verify the protocol your users use, including the expected status and, when needed, a response marker.
- Create the regional records or endpoints for IPv4 and IPv6 as applicable.
- Create a monitor for each region that requests the meaningful health URI over the same protocol and port used in production.
- Attach monitors to regional pools. Configure the service to remove an unhealthy pool from endpoint rotation and to restore it only after its recovery criteria are met.
- Choose a steering policy: simple round-robin for coarse distribution, geographic policy for location-based routing, or a performance-aware policy when the provider supports latency or proximity decisions.
- Publish the hostname only after each region passes direct DNS, TLS, and HTTP tests.
Provider terminology and plan limits differ, so verify the current service documentation for the number of pools, monitors, regions, and policy types available to your account. A managed DNS load balancer can operate the records, pools, monitors, and steering logic for you, but it does not remove the need to make the regional NGINX endpoint reliable.
Why multiple A or AAAA records are not failover
Publishing several A or AAAA records is simple round-robin DNS. Recursive resolvers and clients cache the answer, and ordinary DNS does not know whether an address is serving healthy HTTP responses. One returned address can therefore remain in use while its region is down. Use multiple records only when that coarse behavior is acceptable; use monitored pools for health-aware global failover.
Set and test TTL deliberately
TTL is a trade-off. A shorter TTL can let new lookups observe a DNS change sooner but increases query volume and does not control existing connections. A longer TTL reduces query load but can prolong use of a failed address. There is no universal TTL that fits every provider and topology. Start conservatively, measure resolver behavior from several networks, and document the expected worst-case convergence time before you promise a recovery objective.
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Drain traffic during maintenance and failover
When retiring a region, stop sending new DNS traffic first by marking its pool or endpoint unhealthy. Then allow existing connections to finish, or use an application-aware drain procedure. Removing an address from DNS does not terminate clients that already resolved it. For a planned change, lower the TTL ahead of time only if your provider and operational schedule make that useful; do not assume every resolver honors the value identically.
For recovery, re-enable the region only after NGINX, the application, dependencies, certificates, and monitoring all pass. A staged return prevents a partially repaired region from receiving a full traffic surge.
Balance TCP or UDP services instead of HTTP
Web traffic belongs in the http {} context with proxy_pass. NGINX can also proxy TCP and UDP in the stream {} context. UDP listeners require the udp parameter, which matters for DNS and other datagram protocols.
stream {
upstream dns_backends {
server 10.20.0.11:53;
server 10.20.0.12:53;
}
server {
listen 53 udp;
proxy_pass dns_backends;
}
}
Use stream proxying only when the protocol and session behavior are understood. HTTP headers, URI health checks, and TLS termination options from the http context do not automatically apply to a raw TCP or UDP service.
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Test from multiple geographic networks rather than from one administrative workstation. Record the expected result for each check so a regional incident is diagnosable.
- DNS: query the authoritative service and several recursive resolvers; confirm that the selected region matches the policy and that unhealthy pools disappear.
- TLS: verify certificate names, expiration, protocol policy, and SNI in every region.
- HTTP: check status codes, redirects, forwarded headers, cookies, authentication, and representative application requests.
- Distribution: correlate NGINX access logs with upstream logs to prove that requests reach the intended local instances.
- Passive failure: stop or firewall one upstream and confirm that NGINX avoids it after the configured failures, while the remaining instance serves traffic.
- Regional failure: make the regional monitor fail and observe DNS pool removal, resolver caching, connection draining, and traffic arrival in the surviving region.
- Recovery: restore the service and confirm that the monitor requires the configured recovery condition before re-entry.
- Rollback: keep the previous NGINX configuration and DNS policy ready, and test that reverting them does not require a simultaneous change in every region.
Capture timestamps for the monitor transition, authoritative answer change, first successful request in the replacement region, and final disappearance of old traffic. Those measurements reveal whether a delay comes from monitoring, DNS caching, connection lifetime, or the application itself.
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Troubleshoot common failures
DNS still returns a failed region
Check whether the monitor is attached to the correct pool, whether the monitor uses the right host header and protocol, and whether recursive caches are still within TTL. Query the authoritative nameservers directly to distinguish an authoritative decision from resolver caching.
NGINX returns 502 or 504
Verify private routing and firewall rules from the NGINX host to each upstream, name resolution for the upstream hostname, application listening addresses, and the upstream logs. A DNS change cannot fix a regional NGINX host that cannot reach its local application group.
Health checks pass but users see errors
The monitor may be checking only a process or shallow endpoint. Require a response that represents usable application service, and include the expected status, headers, or body condition where the monitoring system supports them. Keep the check fast enough that normal dependency latency does not create false failures.
Traffic is uneven between upstreams
Round-robin distributes selections, not equal CPU time or response cost. Long-lived connections, different instance capacities, client affinity, and cache effects can all skew load. Consider least connections, least time, or weights, then verify the result with connection and request metrics.
Users do not move after DNS failover
Existing connections stay on their original endpoint, and recursive resolvers or clients may cache the old answer until TTL expiry. Confirm the resolver’s cached value, test a new connection, and use an explicit drain and session strategy rather than expecting DNS to migrate live connections.
Open Source, NGINX Plus, and managed DNS choices
| Option | Included capability | Best fit | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|---|
| NGINX Open Source plus managed or external DNS monitoring | HTTP reverse proxy, round-robin, least connection, IP hash, weighted methods, and passive in-band failure handling | Teams that can operate monitoring and accept request-driven local failure detection | No documented active periodic upstream checks or shared dynamic control plane |
| NGINX Plus in each region | Open Source features plus active checks, intervals, pass/fail thresholds, richer match conditions, shared upstream zones, monitoring, and an API | Operations that need proactive checks and runtime controls | Commercial subscription and additional operational cost |
| Managed DNS load balancing with regional NGINX | Provider-operated records, pools, monitors, and traffic-steering policies | Global health-aware routing without running authoritative DNS logic yourself | Provider-specific limits, behavior, and pricing must be verified for the selected plan |
These choices are complementary rather than mutually exclusive. A managed DNS service can select the region, while Open Source NGINX balances within it. NGINX Plus improves regional health visibility but does not replace authoritative DNS steering when an entire region is unavailable.
Quick Recap
Operational checklist
- At least two independently reachable regions run the same application and TLS policy.
- Every public hostname resolves through authoritative DNS pools with documented monitors.
- Health endpoints test usable service, not only an open port.
- Each regional NGINX configuration is syntax-tested, version-controlled, and reload-tested.
- The selected upstream method matches connection duration, capacity, and session requirements.
- Firewall rules permit only the intended public and private paths.
- Logs and metrics identify region, NGINX instance, upstream, status, latency, and monitor state.
- TTL, cache behavior, connection draining, and rollback steps are written down and exercised.
- Regional outage and recovery drills are performed from more than one geographic network.
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