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Set up a Jenkins continuous-integration pipeline by committing a Jenkinsfile to your repository, creating a Pipeline or Multibranch Pipeline item, connecting source-control events, and assigning an agent that has the tools your build needs. A maintainable pipeline normally checks out code, builds it, runs automated tests, publishes artifacts, and optionally deploys them.
What a Jenkins CI pipeline does
Jenkins automates the repeatable path from a source-control change to a verified build. Each change can start a run that checks out the revision, compiles or packages it, executes tests, stores build outputs, and—when your release policy allows—deploys the result. The pipeline definition lives in a versioned Jenkinsfile, so changes to CI are reviewed, audited, and rolled back with the application code instead of being hidden in controller-only configuration.
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Jenkins supports two Pipeline syntaxes:
- Declarative Pipeline uses a structured
pipeline {}block with explicit stages and steps. It is generally the easiest format to review and standardize. - Scripted Pipeline uses Groovy control flow for cases that need more programmatic flexibility. It remains supported, but teams must impose their own structure and guardrails.
The procedure below uses Declarative syntax because it makes the required execution model visible.
Prerequisites and design decisions
Prepare the repository and Jenkins controller
- A source-control repository that Jenkins can read.
- A Jenkins controller with Pipeline support and the source-control integration required by your provider.
- An agent (also called a worker) with the compiler, package manager, test runner, and other build tools your commands use.
- Network access from the controller or agent to the source repository, dependency registries, artifact storage, and any deployment targets.
- Credentials configured in Jenkins for private repositories, registries, signing keys, or deployment systems.
Check plugin versions, permissions, and credential scopes on the target controller before rolling out the job. A Jenkinsfile can be syntactically correct yet fail because an agent lacks a tool, a plugin step is unavailable, or the job cannot read a credential.
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Choose a job model
| Choice | Use it when | What Jenkins does |
|---|---|---|
| Pipeline | You need one job for one repository reference or a centrally managed flow. | Runs the Jenkinsfile configured for that item. |
| Multibranch Pipeline | Your repository has several active branches or pull-request refs. | Discovers branches containing a Jenkinsfile and creates branch-specific jobs automatically. |
For a repository with short-lived feature branches, Multibranch Pipeline usually avoids manually creating and deleting jobs. A single Pipeline is simpler when only one stable reference needs building.
Select an execution trigger
- SCM webhook: the Git provider calls Jenkins after a push or other repository event. This gives event-driven discovery and normally starts work quickly.
- Periodic scan: Jenkins checks the configured source at an interval. Use it as a fallback when webhook delivery is unavailable, or as supplementary discovery.
Webhook delivery and branch discovery are separate concerns: the webhook must reach Jenkins, and the Multibranch configuration must be allowed to discover the relevant branches.
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Create a file named exactly Jenkinsfile in the repository root. Commit it to the branch or branches Jenkins should build. Keeping the file in source control gives every revision a corresponding pipeline definition and lets reviewers inspect CI changes alongside application changes.
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Minimal Declarative example
pipeline {
agent any
stages {
stage('Checkout') {
steps {
checkout scm
}
}
stage('Build') {
steps {
sh './build.sh'
}
}
stage('Test') {
steps {
sh './test.sh'
}
}
}
}This example uses an available Jenkins executor, checks out the revision associated with the job, then runs two repository scripts. Replace the shell commands with the commands for your language and build system. On Windows agents, use bat or powershell instead of sh.
Understand the required Declarative structure
pipeline {}is the top-level Declarative block.agentallocates an executor and workspace. A Declarative Pipeline without an agent is not valid.stagesgroups the delivery activities that Jenkins displays in the run view.- Each
stagecontainssteps, which perform the actual commands or Jenkins steps.
Use one stage for each discrete activity—such as Build, Test, Package, Publish, and Deploy—rather than placing the entire process in one opaque shell script. Clear stages make failures, approvals, timing, and restart decisions easier to understand.
Create the Jenkins job
Option A: Pipeline item
- In Jenkins, select New Item.
- Enter a job name, choose Pipeline, and select OK.
- In the job configuration, choose how the Pipeline definition is supplied. Select the repository-backed option when available, then provide the SCM URL, credentials, and the branch or reference containing
Jenkinsfile. - Save the item and run Build Now once to verify repository access, agent allocation, and the Jenkinsfile.
A single Pipeline can also use a Jenkinsfile stored directly in the job configuration, but that removes the repository as the authoritative source and makes review and history less consistent. Prefer the committed file for normal application pipelines.
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Option B: Multibranch Pipeline
- Select New Item, enter a name, choose Multibranch Pipeline, and select OK.
- Under Branch Sources, add the source-control provider and repository location.
- Select or create scan credentials with permission to read the repository and its branches.
- Configure branch discovery behavior. Include the branch and pull-request categories your team wants built; exclude obsolete or unsupported references.
- Save the item and select Scan Multibranch Pipeline Now (the exact scan label can vary slightly by installed plugins).
- Open the discovered branch job and confirm that Jenkins found the root-level
Jenkinsfile.
Multibranch Pipeline creates and manages branch-specific jobs only for references that contain a Jenkinsfile. Removing the file from a branch, deleting the branch, or changing discovery filters can therefore remove or disable its corresponding job.
Connect pushes to Jenkins
Configure a webhook
- In the source-control provider, open the repository’s webhook or integrations settings.
- Add the Jenkins endpoint supplied by your Jenkins SCM integration and select push events, plus pull-request events if your branch policy requires them.
- Save the webhook and use the provider’s delivery test or a real test push.
- In Jenkins, inspect the Multibranch item’s scan or event log and verify that the expected branch was discovered or scheduled.
The Jenkins endpoint and event names depend on the SCM provider and installed integration plugin, so use the endpoint displayed by that integration rather than guessing a URL. Protect the endpoint with the provider’s supported authentication and network controls.
Use periodic scanning when webhooks are unavailable
In the Multibranch Pipeline configuration, enable the periodic scan trigger and choose an interval appropriate to repository activity and controller capacity. Scanning consumes controller and SCM resources; it should be a fallback or supplement, not an excuse to poll every few seconds. A periodic scan discovers changes that a missed webhook would otherwise leave waiting.
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Build a production-ready stage flow
Extend the minimal file only after the basic checkout, build, and test path succeeds. A common progression is:
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- Build or compile: resolve dependencies and produce a package.
- Test: run unit, integration, or other automated checks.
- Publish: upload versioned artifacts and test reports.
- Deploy: promote the verified artifact to a target environment when policy permits.
Example structure:
pipeline {
agent any
stages {
stage('Checkout') {
steps { checkout scm }
}
stage('Build') {
steps { sh './build.sh' }
}
stage('Test') {
steps { sh './test.sh' }
}
stage('Package') {
steps { sh './package.sh' }
}
stage('Publish') {
steps { sh './publish.sh' }
}
stage('Deploy') {
steps { sh './deploy.sh' }
}
}
}Keep deployment commands in a later stage so a failed build or test prevents promotion. In a real pipeline, add the Jenkins steps your installation provides for test-result publication, artifact archiving, approvals, and notifications; verify each step’s plugin and permission requirements before committing it.
Add resilience and cleanup
As the pipeline becomes important to delivery, add bounded timeouts so a hung test cannot occupy an executor indefinitely, retries for demonstrably transient operations, and a post section for notifications or cleanup. Set an artifact and build-retention policy so old workspaces, logs, and packages do not consume unlimited storage. Publish machine-readable test results even when a test stage fails, so the run records the failure details.
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Store and use credentials safely
Never commit passwords, tokens, private keys, or registry credentials in a Jenkinsfile or application repository. In Jenkins, create a credential with the narrowest supported folder or job scope, then reference its credential ID from the pipeline.
Declarative credential bindings
Declarative Pipeline’s credentials() helper supports secret text, secret files, username/password pairs, and SSH private-key bindings. For other credential types, use Jenkins Pipeline Syntax’s Snippet Generator to produce the binding supported by the installed plugins.
pipeline {
agent any
environment {
REGISTRY_AUTH = credentials('registry-credential-id')
}
stages {
stage('Publish') {
steps {
sh './publish.sh'
}
}
}
}The identifier above is only an example; create the credential in Jenkins and substitute its actual ID. Do not echo credential-bearing environment variables, print command lines containing tokens, or write secrets to artifacts and workspaces. Jenkins stores credentials encrypted on the controller, but access is still governed by job permissions and by what the build process can read.
Choose the right Jenkins agent
| Agent form | Best fit | Trade-offs and requirements |
|---|---|---|
agent any |
Small or homogeneous installations where any available executor has the required tools. | Simple, but builds can vary if executors do not have identical tool versions. |
| Static labeled agent | Dedicated operating-system, hardware, or licensed-tool requirements. | Predictable capacity, but you maintain the machine, tools, patches, and workspace. |
| Docker agent | Repeatable userspace and dependency versions without manually preparing every worker. | The agent host needs Docker access, images must be maintained, and private registry credentials may be required. |
| Dockerfile agent | Build environments defined alongside the repository’s Dockerfile. | Jenkins must build or retrieve the image before running the stage; image-build time affects feedback speed. |
| Kubernetes agent | Elastic, isolated workers for variable workloads or parallel builds. | A Kubernetes connection, pod template, container images, credentials, network policy, and workspace-volume design are required. |
Whichever model you choose, verify that the agent has the expected Java/Jenkins connectivity, source-control access, build tools, enough disk and memory, and write permission to its workspace. Container and pod agents also need explicit configuration for registry authentication, Kubernetes secrets, persistent workspaces, and outbound network access.
Declarative versus Scripted Pipeline
| Criterion | Declarative | Scripted |
|---|---|---|
| Structure | Opinionated blocks for agents, stages, steps, options, and post actions. | Groovy code controls the flow directly. |
| Reviewability | Consistent shape makes common pipelines easier to scan. | Flexibility can produce widely different structures between teams. |
| Complex logic | Supports conditions and shared-library extensions, but within Declarative rules. | Useful when dynamic loops, branching, or custom Groovy logic is central. |
| Starting point | Preferred for a new, conventional CI pipeline. | Choose when the required behavior cannot be expressed cleanly in Declarative syntax. |
Both syntaxes can be stored in a Jenkinsfile. Do not mix styles casually: use the documented Scripted sections and validate the resulting file on the actual controller.
Troubleshoot the first failed run
Jenkins cannot find the Jenkinsfile
- Confirm the filename is exactly
Jenkinsfile, including capitalization. - Confirm it is at the repository root or change the configured script path to the committed location.
- Verify that the selected branch actually contains the file.
- For Multibranch jobs, run a fresh scan and review branch-discovery filters.
Checkout or webhook fails
- Test repository credentials from the job configuration and confirm they have read access.
- Check that the webhook URL is the one required by the installed SCM integration.
- Review the provider’s delivery response and Jenkins event or scan logs.
- Verify firewall, reverse-proxy, DNS, TLS, and inbound access rules between the provider and Jenkins.
The pipeline is waiting for an executor
- Confirm an agent is online and has an available executor.
- Remove or correct an overly restrictive label.
- Check disk space, workspace permissions, and controller-to-agent connectivity.
- For Docker or Kubernetes agents, inspect image-pull, pod-start, registry, and cluster events.
A shell step fails although the command works locally
- Run the command as the Jenkins agent account, not as your interactive user.
- Check tool versions, environment variables, working directory, file permissions, and network egress.
- Make scripts executable where required and use a repository-defined tool setup to reduce machine-specific differences.
- Remove secret values from diagnostic output before sharing logs.
A credential step is rejected
- Check that the credential ID exactly matches the configured ID.
- Confirm the job or folder is within the credential’s scope.
- Verify that the installed plugin supports the binding syntax used by the Jenkinsfile.
- Ensure the agent can reach the registry, repository, or deployment service that the credential authenticates.
Operational checklist before enabling automatic delivery
- The Jenkinsfile is committed, reviewed, and tested on the intended branch.
- Every stage has a clear purpose and fails the run when its required command fails.
- Build and test tools are pinned or otherwise made consistent across agents.
- SCM credentials and service credentials are stored in Jenkins, scoped narrowly, and absent from logs and source files.
- Webhook delivery has been tested, with periodic scanning configured only as an intentional fallback.
- Artifact names and versions identify the source revision that produced them.
- Timeouts, retries, retention, test-result publication, notifications, and cleanup match the team’s operating needs.
- Deployment stages have the approvals, environment protections, and rollback procedure required by your release process.
- Docker images or Kubernetes pod templates are maintained, patched, and supplied with the registry, secret, volume, and network configuration they need.
What a successful setup looks like
A push to a configured branch causes Jenkins to discover the revision, allocate a suitable agent, check out the code, and display separate Build and Test stages. A passing run produces the expected reports or artifact; a failing run identifies the stage and preserves enough log and test information to correct the problem. For a Multibranch Pipeline, adding a branch with a valid Jenkinsfile creates its branch job automatically, while removing that file prevents the branch from being treated as a pipeline.
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