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Automatic deployment from Git to a VPS means a push to an approved branch starts a controlled process that updates the server, runs the application’s build and migration steps, checks its health, and reloads the service. For a small single-server project, the simplest design is a bare Git repository with a server-side post-receive hook. When you need tests before release, encrypted secrets, approvals, multiple environments, or a durable audit trail, use a hosted workflow such as GitHub Actions over SSH.
This guide shows both designs, explains when each is appropriate, and provides production safeguards. Replace every example username, path, host, branch, and command with values for your application; build, migration, and restart commands are stack-specific rather than universal.
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A deployment has four distinct parts: a trigger, a build or packaging step, a transfer or checkout step, and a release step. The trigger should identify one branch, normally main, rather than deploying every ref a contributor can push. The build should fail before production files are changed when possible. The release then updates a known directory, runs required migrations, performs a health check, and reloads or restarts the service.
In a server-side design, developers push to a bare repository on the VPS. Git invokes its post-receive hook after accepting the push, and the hook checks out the selected branch into the directory used by the web server or application. In a CI/CD design, a hosted runner checks out the repository, runs tests and build commands, and connects to the VPS with a dedicated SSH key to copy an artifact or start a server-side release script.
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Choose the right architecture
| Decision point | Bare repository and post-receive hook |
Hosted workflow over SSH |
|---|---|---|
| Trigger location | The VPS receives a Git push and runs the hook locally. | The repository host triggers a runner on a push, schedule, manual action, or repository-dispatch event. |
| Build and test support | Possible, but consumes VPS resources and must be scripted in the hook. | Natural place for dependency installation, tests, linting, packaging, and artifact creation before release. |
| Credentials | The person or system pushing needs write access to the VPS repository. | The private deployment key stays in the CI secret store; only the public key is installed on the VPS. |
| Audit and approvals | Server logs and Git history provide a basic record. | Workflow runs, environments, protection rules, approvals, and concurrency controls provide a clearer release record. |
| Operational complexity | Small and direct for one VPS and one application. | More setup, but easier to extend to staging, production, and multiple servers. |
| Best fit | A small application where a trusted push should deploy immediately. | Projects that require pre-release checks, secrets, production approval, or repeatable multi-environment delivery. |
GitHub documents custom continuous-deployment workflows directly in a repository and also documents environments, concurrency groups, branch restrictions, and deployment protection rules. Those controls make the hosted workflow preferable when a production deployment needs a gate rather than an unconditional push.
Prepare the VPS and repository
Confirm the operating prerequisites
- A Linux VPS with administrative access and working SSH connectivity.
- A web server or application runtime already installed, such as a PHP process manager, Node.js, Python, or a static-file server.
- A Git repository containing the application and a branch chosen for deployment.
- A deployment directory that the application service can read, plus a separate location for releases or the receiving repository.
- A backup or rollback plan. Automatic deployment is not a substitute for recoverable data and configuration.
Create a constrained deployment account
Do not deploy as root. Create a user whose home directory and permissions cover only the receiving repository, release directories, application files, and the commands it genuinely needs. The web server may read the release directory without owning it. If a service restart requires elevated privileges, grant one narrowly scoped command through sudoers instead of unrestricted administrative access.
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sudo mkdir -p /srv/git/site.git /srv/www/site /srv/releases
sudo chown -R deploy:deploy /srv/git/site.git /srv/www/site /srv/releases
sudo -u deploy git init --bare /srv/git/site.gitThe paths above are examples. Keep the bare repository outside the web root so Git metadata and hook files cannot be served publicly. Decide whether the target directory should be directly replaced or whether each release should receive a versioned directory and a symbolic link named current.
Decide what configuration is not in Git
Keep secrets, production environment files, private keys, and machine-specific configuration outside the repository. The deployment process should create or reference them from a protected location. A commit should not be able to print credentials or silently change the account’s access to unrelated systems.
Architecture A: bare repository with a post-receive hook
Install the hook
A bare repository has no working tree. Its hook receives one line for each updated reference on standard input. The script below deploys only refs/heads/main, ignores other branches, and stops on errors. It uses an explicit target path and leaves a visible failure in the hook’s exit status and log output.
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sudo -u deploy tee /srv/git/site.git/hooks/post-receive > /dev/null <<'EOF'
#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail
GIT_DIR=/srv/git/site.git
TARGET=/srv/www/site
BRANCH=main
while read -r oldrev newrev ref; do
if [ "$ref" != "refs/heads/$BRANCH" ]; then
continue
fi
echo "Deploying $BRANCH: $oldrev -> $newrev"
git --git-dir="$GIT_DIR" --work-tree="$TARGET" checkout -f "$BRANCH"
# Adapt these commands to the application. Examples only:
# cd "$TARGET"
# npm ci --omit=dev && npm run build
# python -m venv .venv && . .venv/bin/activate && pip install -r requirements.txt
# php bin/console doctrine:migrations:migrate --no-interaction
# Replace with a service account and command appropriate to your VPS.
# sudo systemctl reload example.service
echo "Deployment completed"
done
EOF
sudo chmod 750 /srv/git/site.git/hooks/post-receive
sudo chown deploy:deploy /srv/git/site.git/hooks/post-receiveThe checkout command is intentionally explicit. A hook that runs from an assumed current directory, accepts any ref, or writes to an unqualified path can deploy the wrong branch or the wrong files. Add the real build, migration, reload, and health-check commands only after you understand their exit codes. With set -euo pipefail, a failed command stops the hook; if a command is allowed to fail, handle that exception deliberately and log why.
Add the VPS as a Git remote
From a workstation or another trusted build system, add the bare repository as a remote. Use the deployment account and the VPS hostname or address that your SSH configuration verifies.
git remote add vps deploy@example-vps:/srv/git/site.git
git push vps mainThe first push should be a harmless change. Watch the SSH output and the hook log, then confirm that the expected commit is present in the target directory, the application responds, and no unrelated branch triggered a release. A hook runs with the permissions of the account that owns it, so check ownership of generated files after the first deployment.
Make the hook safer for real releases
- Use a release directory such as
/srv/releases/<commit>, build there, and move or relinkcurrentonly after the build succeeds. - Keep user-uploaded files and mutable data outside the release directory; otherwise a checkout or cleanup can delete them.
- Run database migrations as an explicit step and make them backward-compatible with the previous release when old and new processes may overlap.
- Write timestamps, commit IDs, and command results to a protected log. Never echo secrets or private-key contents.
- Use a file lock such as
flockif two pushes could arrive together. Without serialization, a slower older deployment can finish after a newer one. - Add a local health check against the application’s loopback address and fail the hook if the expected status or response is not returned.
Architecture B: GitHub Actions deploying over SSH
Create a dedicated key pair
Generate a key used only by this deployment workflow. Install the public half in the deployment account’s ~/.ssh/authorized_keys on the VPS. Store the private half in the repository or production environment’s encrypted secret store; it must never be committed or printed in workflow logs.
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -f deploy_key -C 'project-deploy' -N ''
ssh-copy-id -i deploy_key.pub deploy@example-vpsIf your provider does not support ssh-copy-id, append the public key through an already trusted administrative session. Restrict the authorized key further when practical, for example by limiting its source address or forcing a narrowly scoped command. Test the key as the deployment account before wiring it into automation.
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Verify the host key instead of blindly trusting it
An SSH client should verify that it is connecting to the intended VPS. A convenient first-connection recipe often uses ssh-keyscan, but blindly accepting whatever it returns leaves room for a man-in-the-middle attack. Obtain the expected host key fingerprint through your VPS console, an established administrative connection, or another trusted channel. Store the resulting known-hosts line as a protected secret, and make the runner use that file.
Configure repository and environment secrets
Typical values are DEPLOY_SSH_KEY, DEPLOY_KNOWN_HOSTS, DEPLOY_HOST, DEPLOY_USER, and DEPLOY_PATH. Put production values in a protected production environment when approvals or branch restrictions are required. Keep the private key and host-key data masked, and avoid passing secrets as command-line arguments that could appear in process listings.
Define a branch-limited workflow
The following workflow illustrates the order, not a universal build. Replace the build and test commands with those for your project. The runner checks out the selected commit, installs dependencies, runs checks, prepares SSH, and transfers the built output. The environment and concurrency settings are deliberate production controls.
name: Deploy
on:
push:
branches: [main]
workflow_dispatch:
permissions:
contents: read
jobs:
deploy:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
environment: production
concurrency:
group: production
cancel-in-progress: false
steps:
- name: Check out source
uses: actions/checkout@v4
- name: Install dependencies and test
run: |
# Replace with the commands for your stack.
npm ci
npm test
npm run build
- name: Configure SSH
shell: bash
run: |
install -d -m 700 ~/.ssh
printf '%sn' "${{ secrets.DEPLOY_SSH_KEY }}" > ~/.ssh/deploy_key
chmod 600 ~/.ssh/deploy_key
printf '%sn' "${{ secrets.DEPLOY_KNOWN_HOSTS }}" > ~/.ssh/known_hosts
chmod 644 ~/.ssh/known_hosts
- name: Copy release
run: |
rsync -az --delete
-e "ssh -i ~/.ssh/deploy_key -o IdentitiesOnly=yes"
./ "${{ secrets.DEPLOY_USER }}@${{ secrets.DEPLOY_HOST }}:${{ secrets.DEPLOY_PATH }}/"
- name: Reload application
run: |
ssh -i ~/.ssh/deploy_key -o IdentitiesOnly=yes
"${{ secrets.DEPLOY_USER }}@${{ secrets.DEPLOY_HOST }}"
'sudo systemctl reload example.service'
For a server-side release process, copy an archive or commit identifier and invoke a fixed script on the VPS instead of allowing arbitrary shell text from the workflow. The script can unpack into a new release, run migrations, switch the current link, check the service, and retain the previous release. If the application is static, rsync may be sufficient; for a compiled application, transfer only the artifact produced after tests.
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Adapt the release steps to your stack
| Application type | Build or preparation examples | Release and verification considerations |
|---|---|---|
| Static HTML, CSS, and JavaScript | Copy source directly, or run the project’s bundler and deploy its output directory. | Sync only the generated directory, preserve any server-side configuration, and request a known page returning the expected status. |
| PHP | Install production dependencies with the project’s package manager and generate caches where required. | Run compatible database migrations, ensure the process manager can read files, and reload the PHP service or web server. |
| Node.js | Install locked production dependencies and run the application build. Do not install development packages on the server unless the runtime needs them. | Use a process manager or service unit, switch traffic only after the new process starts, and check its health endpoint. |
| Python | Create or update a virtual environment, install the locked requirements, and collect static assets if the framework requires it. | Run migrations, restart the application workers, and verify both the HTTP endpoint and worker queue if one exists. |
| Other compiled services | Build on the runner or VPS with a pinned toolchain and package the resulting binary and configuration references. | Use a versioned service unit, perform a readiness check, and keep the prior binary available for rollback. |
These are patterns, not copy-and-paste guarantees. A command that succeeds can still produce an unusable release if it targets the wrong environment, runs against an incompatible schema, or omits a required asset. Make each command explicit and fail the deployment when a required check fails.
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Use releases, health checks, and rollback
Prefer atomic promotion
Writing directly into the live directory can expose half-copied files. A safer sequence is to create a directory named for the commit, install and build there, link shared configuration and persistent data, run migrations, then atomically update a current symbolic link. The web server or service should point at current, not at a directory being modified.
Define a meaningful health check
A health check should test the behavior needed to serve traffic, not merely whether a process exists. Check an authenticated or internal endpoint where appropriate, verify a database connection if the application requires one, and confirm that static assets return successfully. Keep the check short and deterministic so a transient network delay does not leave the deployment in an unknown state; retry a bounded number of times and then fail.
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Retain at least the previous known-good release and the commit ID that produced it. If the health check fails, point current back to that release, reload the service, and investigate before retrying. Database rollback is harder than code rollback, so design migrations to be reversible where feasible or use an expand-and-contract sequence that allows both application versions to operate during the transition.
Production gates and security controls
- Restrict branches. Configure the workflow to run only for the release branch, and have the server-side hook reject every other ref.
- Require approval. Put the production job in a protected environment when a person must approve a release after tests pass.
- Prevent overlap. Use a concurrency group in the workflow and a lock in a VPS hook so releases cannot interleave.
- Limit permissions. Give the workflow read-only repository access unless it needs more. Give the VPS account access only to its application and narrowly scoped restart commands.
- Protect secrets. Store the private key in the secret store, rotate it when staff or infrastructure changes, and remove old public keys promptly.
- Verify hosts. Pin the expected SSH host key through a trusted process; do not treat an unverified scan as proof of identity.
- Control commands. Keep build, migration, and restart commands in reviewed scripts. Avoid evaluating commit-provided strings as shell code.
- Log safely. Record commit IDs, start and finish times, and outcomes, but mask tokens, passwords, private keys, and environment-file contents.
- Separate data. Keep uploads, databases, queues, and other mutable state outside disposable release directories.
Common failures and their fixes
The push succeeds but nothing deploys
Check that the pushed ref is exactly refs/heads/main, the hook is executable and owned by the deployment account, and the bare repository path in the remote matches the path used by the hook. Run the hook’s commands manually as the deployment user to expose missing permissions or environment variables.
The hook checks out files but the site still serves the old version
Confirm that the web server points to the same target directory the hook updates. Check ownership and file permissions, cache layers, symbolic-link targets, and whether a service reload or restart is required after the files change.
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The workflow cannot authenticate
Verify that the secret contains the complete private key, including its header and footer, and that the corresponding public key is in the deployment account’s authorized-keys file. Confirm that the runner uses the intended username and that the VPS firewall permits SSH from the runner’s network policy.
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SSH reports an unknown or changed host
Do not disable host-key checking. Compare the presented fingerprint with the value obtained through a trusted channel, update the known-hosts secret only after confirming a legitimate server replacement, and remove stale entries that refer to the old machine.
The deployment is half complete
Inspect the first failing command rather than rerunning blindly. Use a temporary release directory, atomic promotion, and a retained previous release. If two deployments overlapped, add workflow concurrency and a server-side lock, then redeploy the intended commit.
A migration breaks the running application
Restore the previous code only if the schema remains compatible, or complete the forward migration and deploy a compatible application version. For future changes, separate additive schema changes from destructive cleanup and schedule destructive steps after the old version is no longer in service.
A practical rollout checklist
- Identify the VPS, runtime, web server, deployment branch, and target directory.
- Create the least-privileged deployment account and keep the bare repository outside the web root.
- Choose a hook or hosted workflow based on the required tests, approvals, secrets, and number of environments.
- Create a deployment-only SSH key, install only its public key on the VPS, and store the private key in the protected secret store.
- Verify and pin the VPS host key through a trusted channel.
- Make the trigger branch-specific and reject unexpected refs in the hook or workflow.
- Build and test before promoting files; keep production configuration outside Git.
- Deploy to a versioned release or otherwise prevent partially copied files from serving.
- Run explicit migrations, reload or restart the required service, and perform a meaningful health check.
- Retain a known-good release and document the exact rollback command.
- Test with a harmless change, inspect logs, and only then treat the pipeline as production-ready.
The bare-hook method is the shortest path from a trusted push to one VPS, but it places build, locking, logging, and release safety on the server. A GitHub Actions workflow adds setup and secret management while giving you a natural place for tests, artifacts, approvals, branch controls, and an auditable production gate. Whichever architecture you choose, the dependable pattern is the same: least privilege, one intentional trigger, explicit commands, verified SSH identity, atomic promotion, health checks, and a tested rollback.
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