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Build the cluster in two controlled phases: deploy etcd with mutually trusted TLS for client and peer traffic, verify it with an authenticated client, and only then enable RBAC. Pin the etcd release and Ubuntu version in Ansible, use separate peer and client certificates, and treat every certificate and private key as managed secret material.
The procedure below uses the security flags documented for etcd 3.6 and 3.7. Flag names and role variables can change, so verify them against the exact release you pin before applying the playbook.
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What this deployment is securing
etcd stores authoritative cluster state, so an unauthenticated listener is a serious exposure. Security is disabled by default: transport authentication and RBAC are not turned on automatically. A cluster left in that state can accept requests from any client that can reach its endpoint.
TLS protects two separate paths:
- Client-to-server traffic: administrators, controllers and applications connect to the client endpoint.
- Peer-to-peer traffic: etcd members exchange raft and membership data.
Use a private CA trusted by every member, but issue distinct key pairs for peer and client use. Kubernetes upgrade guidance specifically recommends separating peer and client certificates. With client-certificate authentication enabled, etcd rejects HTTPS requests that do not present a certificate signed by the configured CA; the certificate Common Name is used as the authenticated user name.
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Pin the platform before writing the playbook
Record both versions in source control before installing anything:
- The exact etcd release, including its patch number.
- The exact Ubuntu release image used by every member and by any test environment.
Official etcd security documentation is published for the 3.6 and 3.7 documentation lines, but that does not establish which release is current or guarantee that every flag is unchanged in a later build. A web page labelled a “2026 Guide” still targets Ubuntu 18.04; Ubuntu 18.04 is end-of-life and should not be treated as a current baseline. No current Ubuntu LTS was established for this procedure, so make your chosen LTS an explicit deployment variable and test the roles against it.
Before running Ansible, confirm that:
- The controller can resolve and reach every member over SSH.
- Each member has a stable DNS name or address that will also appear in its certificate identity.
- Time is synchronized across hosts; certificate validity and raft timing both depend on a reliable clock.
- The firewall policy permits only the client and peer ports required by your topology.
- Private keys will be stored with restricted permissions and will not be committed to a public repository.
Choose an Ansible approach
Third-party roles differ more in certificate workflow and release support than in the basic etcd service layout. Inspect the role defaults, supported Ubuntu releases and supported etcd versions before selecting one.
| Role or approach | Certificate handling | What it manages | Decision point |
|---|---|---|---|
| githubixx/ansible-role-etcd | Expects certificates to already exist on the controller; its companion CA role requires CFSSL binaries. | Installs and configures an etcd cluster. | Use when your organization already has a certificate pipeline and you want Ansible to distribute its output. |
| sergelogvinov/ansible-role-etcd | Can create the CA and node certificates itself. | Installs the cluster and certificate material. | Use only after confirming its certificate profiles and release variables match your policy. |
| ant31/etcd-ansible | Includes a certificate role that generates and synchronizes peer, client and server certificates. | Manages binaries and a systemd service as well as certificates. | Useful when you want one playbook to own both PKI distribution and service lifecycle. |
| Hand-written role or playbook | You generate the CA and certificates separately, then copy them with Ansible. | You control every file, flag and systemd setting. | Best when compliance requires a known PKI process or the third-party role does not support your pinned versions. |
None of these options should be assumed to manage RBAC. Treat RBAC as a deliberate second phase and verify the role’s behavior rather than inferring it from a variable name.
Design the inventory and variables
Keep membership data in inventory and security-sensitive paths in group variables. The following is a pattern, not a claim about any particular role’s variable names.
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[etcd]
etcd-1 ansible_host=10.0.0.11
etcd-2 ansible_host=10.0.0.12
etcd-3 ansible_host=10.0.0.13
[etcd:vars]
ansible_user=ubuntuDefine a single source of truth for the release and cluster identity:
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etcd_cluster_name: "production-etcd"
etcd_initial_cluster_state: "new"
etcd_data_dir: "/var/lib/etcd"
etcd_config_dir: "/etc/etcd"
etcd_client_url: "https://0.0.0.0:2379"
etcd_peer_url: "https://0.0.0.0:2380"
etcd_client_cert_auth: true
etcd_peer_client_cert_auth: true
etcd_ca_file: "/etc/etcd/pki/ca.crt"
etcd_server_cert_file: "/etc/etcd/pki/server.crt"
etcd_server_key_file: "/etc/etcd/pki/server.key"
etcd_peer_cert_file: "/etc/etcd/pki/peer.crt"
etcd_peer_key_file: "/etc/etcd/pki/peer.key"Map each inventory name to the peer and client addresses that its certificate and cluster configuration will use. Do not silently substitute a short hostname for a certificate name; the names and addresses must match the certificate identities issued by your CA.
Build the certificate hierarchy
Create one private CA
Create a dedicated CA for this etcd trust domain and protect its private key offline or in your approved secret system. Every member receives the CA certificate, not the CA private key. The CA certificate is the value referenced by the trusted-CA flags on both listeners.
Issue separate certificates for each purpose
For every member, issue at least:
- A server certificate and key for client-to-server connections.
- A peer certificate and key for member-to-member connections.
- A client certificate and key for operators or services that will run
etcdctlor otherwise authenticate as an etcd user.
Some roles create these artifacts; others require them in a controller-side directory. The githubixx role, for example, expects pre-created certificates, while its companion CA role requires CFSSL binaries. The ant31 role has a certificate role that generates and synchronizes peer, client and server material. Regardless of the role, verify the certificate profiles, subject names, SAN entries, key usages and extended usages against the exact etcd release and your CA tooling. Those certificate details were not established by the available documentation and must not be guessed.
Distribute keys safely with Ansible
Copy the CA certificate and each host's own keys to the node that needs them. Set ownership to the account running etcd and restrict private-key mode to that account. A simplified task pattern is:
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- name: Install CA certificate
ansible.builtin.copy:
src: "pki/ca.crt"
dest: "{{ etcd_ca_file }}"
owner: root
group: etcd
mode: "0644"
- name: Install server private key
ansible.builtin.copy:
src: "pki/{{ inventory_hostname }}/server.key"
dest: "{{ etcd_config_dir }}/pki/server.key"
owner: etcd
group: etcd
mode: "0600"
no_log: trueUse equivalent tasks for the server certificate, peer pair and any client credentials. Keep no_log: true on tasks that could expose private key contents or passwords.
Configure TLS on every member
Each member must have client and peer settings. The etcd security documentation identifies these client-side flags:
--cert-fileand--key-fileselect the server certificate and key.--trusted-ca-fileidentifies the CA used to validate client certificates.--client-cert-authrequires clients to present a certificate signed by that CA.
Peer traffic has its own equivalents: --peer-cert-file, --peer-key-file, --peer-trusted-ca-file and --peer-client-cert-auth. Use the peer certificate on the peer listener; do not reuse the client certificate merely because both are signed by the same CA.
Apply the same trust model on every member. A one-sided configuration, such as enabling peer verification on only one host, commonly produces handshake failures when the cluster starts.
Install and run etcd with systemd
Use the selected role to install the pinned binary, create the etcd user and group, create the data and configuration directories, and render a systemd unit. If you write the unit yourself, keep the member-specific values in an environment file or an Ansible template rather than duplicating them by hand.
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[Unit]
Description=etcd
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target
[Service]
User=etcd
Group=etcd
Type=notify
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/etcd
--name={{ inventory_hostname }}
--data-dir={{ etcd_data_dir }}
--initial-cluster={{ etcd_initial_cluster }}
--initial-cluster-state={{ etcd_initial_cluster_state }}
--initial-advertise-peer-urls={{ etcd_advertise_peer_url }}
--listen-peer-urls={{ etcd_peer_url }}
--advertise-client-urls={{ etcd_advertise_client_url }}
--listen-client-urls={{ etcd_client_url }}
--cert-file={{ etcd_server_cert_file }}
--key-file={{ etcd_server_key_file }}
--trusted-ca-file={{ etcd_ca_file }}
--client-cert-auth=true
--peer-cert-file={{ etcd_peer_cert_file }}
--peer-key-file={{ etcd_peer_key_file }}
--peer-trusted-ca-file={{ etcd_ca_file }}
--peer-client-cert-auth=true
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetThe exact bootstrap and URL flags vary by etcd release and role. Treat this unit as a layout example and validate every option with the binary you installed. An invalid or renamed flag will cause systemd to restart the process without forming a cluster.
Bootstrap the cluster in a controlled order
- Run Ansible in check mode, review rendered flags and confirm that every member appears exactly once in the initial-cluster map.
- Deploy the binary, user, directories and certificates to all members without starting etcd.
- Render and install the systemd unit on all members.
- Start the members using the same initial-cluster definition and the intended initial state. Do not mix a new-cluster definition with data directories that contain an unrelated previous cluster.
- Inspect
systemctl status etcdandjournalctl -u etcdon every host before proceeding. - Once the cluster is healthy, change future runs to preserve the existing cluster state and data directory. A rebuild procedure should be explicit and separate from a routine convergence run.
For an existing cluster, never change all members' bootstrap identity at once. Plan membership changes with the etcd release documentation and take a tested snapshot before disruptive maintenance.
Verify health with an authenticated client
Do not use an unauthenticated HTTP request as proof that the deployment is secure. Test through the same TLS path that operators and services will use, supplying the CA certificate and a client certificate whose Common Name maps to an authorized etcd user.
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etcdctl
--endpoints=https://etcd-1.example.internal:2379,https://etcd-2.example.internal:2379,https://etcd-3.example.internal:2379
--cacert=/path/to/ca.crt
--cert=/path/to/client.crt
--key=/path/to/client.key
endpoint healthConfirm that the command reports each intended endpoint as healthy. Also test a request without the client certificate and verify that it is rejected. If the unauthenticated request succeeds, client-certificate authentication is not enforced on the endpoint you tested.
Use the exact etcdctl syntax shipped or documented for your pinned release; command-line flags can differ between major versions.
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Enable RBAC only after TLS works
TLS proves the client's identity; RBAC determines what that identity may do. Enabling RBAC before you have a working authenticated client can lock out administrators, so complete the health test first and keep a break-glass credential protected.
The documented sequence is:
- Connect with the CA, client certificate and key that will administer the cluster.
- Create roles and grant the minimum key permissions required by each workload.
- Create users or service identities.
- Bind each identity to its role.
- Enable authentication and repeat health and authorization tests.
A representative command sequence is:
export ETCDCTL_API=3
export ETCDCTL_ENDPOINTS="https://etcd-1.example.internal:2379"
export ETCDCTL_CACERT=/path/to/ca.crt
export ETCDCTL_CERT=/path/to/admin-client.crt
export ETCDCTL_KEY=/path/to/admin-client.key
etcdctl role add app-reader
etcdctl role grant-permission app-reader read --prefix=true /app/
etcdctl user add app-client
etcdctl user grant-role app-client app-reader
etcdctl auth enableThe role and permission subcommands above are the workflow described by third-party walkthroughs; confirm option spelling and authentication requirements in the official documentation for your release before executing them. After enabling authentication, test both an allowed operation and a deliberately forbidden key range.
Make the Ansible run repeatable without weakening security
Separate bootstrap from steady state
Use tags or separate plays for package installation, PKI distribution, configuration rendering, service start and RBAC. A routine run should not regenerate a CA or overwrite a live cluster's initial-cluster settings.
Protect secrets in automation
- Store private keys in an encrypted secret mechanism or an access-controlled controller directory.
- Use
no_logfor tasks that handle key contents, passwords or user creation. - Keep certificate and key paths in variables so rotation does not require editing the service template.
- Back up the CA and cluster-admin credentials separately from etcd data; losing the CA can make encrypted administrative access impossible even when the data directory survives.
Test failure before production
Build a disposable environment with the same Ubuntu image, etcd binary and role commit. Exercise a member restart, a certificate replacement and an expired or wrong-CA client certificate. Record the expected systemd and etcdctl behavior so an incident is distinguishable from a normal restart.
Troubleshoot the failures that matter
| Symptom | Likely cause | Checks and correction |
|---|---|---|
x509: certificate signed by unknown authority |
The client or peer trusts a different CA, or the CA path is wrong. | Compare the configured trusted-CA file on both sides, verify the deployed file is the intended CA, and rerun the authenticated health check. |
| Client request is rejected for missing certificate | --client-cert-auth is working, but the caller did not provide a certificate. |
Provide the client certificate and key; verify that the certificate chains to the configured CA and that its Common Name is mapped to an etcd user when RBAC is enabled. |
| Peer handshake fails while members restart | Peer certificates, peer CA settings or advertised peer names do not match. | Check the peer-specific flags on every member, certificate identities and the peer URL map. Do not substitute the client certificate for the peer certificate. |
| Systemd repeatedly restarts etcd | An unsupported flag, unreadable key, incorrect ownership or malformed cluster map. | Read journalctl -u etcd, run the installed binary with its help output, check file permissions and compare the rendered unit with the pinned release's documentation. |
| One endpoint is unhealthy | The member is down, its data directory belongs to another cluster, or network policy blocks the client or peer path. | Check service status and logs locally, confirm the member's advertised URLs and verify connectivity from the client and from its peers. |
| Authenticated request receives permission denied | RBAC is enabled but the certificate Common Name has no suitable role or the key range is outside the granted prefix. | Inspect the user-to-role binding with an administrative credential and grant only the required range. |
Certificate rotation and upgrades
Plan rotation as a staged operation: issue replacement certificates from the trusted CA, deploy them with Ansible, restart members in a controlled sequence, and verify endpoint health after each change. Keep the old CA trusted for the overlap period if your PKI process requires it, then remove it deliberately rather than allowing trust to drift.
For an etcd upgrade, pin the new binary in a test inventory first. Re-check every TLS and RBAC flag, run the authenticated health and authorization tests, and only then promote the same Ansible commit. Documentation for etcd 3.6 and 3.7 is the available reference point; it does not establish behavior for an unspecified future release.
Quick Recap
Deployment checklist
- Etcd and Ubuntu versions are explicit, supported variables.
- A private CA is created and its key is protected.
- Every member has separate server, peer and client certificate material as required by the design.
- Client and peer TLS flags, trusted CA paths and certificate-authentication switches are enabled consistently.
- Systemd runs etcd as a non-root service account with private keys readable only by that account.
- An authenticated
etcdctl endpoint healthcheck succeeds for all intended endpoints. - An unauthenticated request is rejected.
- Roles, users and bindings are created before RBAC is enabled, and both allowed and denied operations are tested afterward.
- Bootstrap settings are not reused accidentally for an existing data directory.
- The exact Ansible role commit, etcd release, Ubuntu image and certificate profile are recorded for recovery.
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