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A VPS gives you a public Linux host and network address; NGINX with an RTMP module accepts a live feed from OBS. The RTMP application name and stream key make up the OBS destination. If viewers need browser playback, add optional HLS (or DASH) output and serve the generated files over HTTP or HTTPS. The reliable sequence is: harden the VPS, install NGINX and a compatible RTMP module, validate the configuration with nginx -t, publish from OBS, then verify the stream and any HLS playlist.
What this setup does—and what it does not
The data path has three distinct parts:
- Ingest: OBS sends an RTMP stream to your VPS, normally on TCP port 1935.
- Stream handling: NGINX and its RTMP module receive the feed and expose an RTMP application such as
live. - Playback: RTMP can be forwarded to compatible players. For ordinary web browsers, configure HLS or DASH and serve the resulting files through NGINX HTTP.
The RTMP module supports RTMP, HLS and DASH; it does not automatically provide transcoding, adaptive-bitrate ladders, viewer authentication, CDN distribution or capacity planning. Those are separate design and operations decisions. NGINX documents the module’s supported formats.
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Plan the server before installing anything
Choose a supported Linux image
Use a currently supported distribution image offered by your VPS provider. The commands below use Debian/Ubuntu-style apt syntax where an example is needed, but package names, service defaults and firewall commands differ among distributions and repositories. Confirm the package and module path for the image you selected.
Decide which ports are needed
| Purpose | Typical port | When to expose it |
|---|---|---|
| SSH administration | TCP 22 | Only from trusted addresses where practical; use your provider firewall and the host firewall. |
| RTMP ingest | TCP 1935 | When OBS or another encoder must publish directly to the server. |
| HTTP playback or validation | TCP 80 | For HTTP HLS delivery or initial testing. |
| HTTPS playback | TCP 443 | Preferred for public HLS delivery and pages that embed the player. |
Open only the ports you actually use. Provider-level rules and host-level rules both matter; the exact commands depend on your VPS provider and distribution, so follow their current firewall documentation rather than copying an unrelated example.
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Choose recording and storage behavior
The baseline configuration below uses record off. Recording changes disk usage, privacy obligations and retention procedures. HLS also writes segment files and a playlist, so reserve disk space and decide how stale segments will be removed.
Provision and harden the VPS
- Create a non-root administrator and use SSH keys where supported. Keep the root account for emergency provider-console work rather than routine operation.
- Update the operating system before installing the streaming stack. On Debian or Ubuntu, the starting point is
sudo apt updatefollowed by the distribution’s normal upgrade command. - Configure the provider firewall and host firewall. Permit SSH only from trusted source addresses when your workflow allows it; permit TCP 1935 only for required ingest; and permit TCP 80/443 for HTTP playback.
- Record the VPS public IPv4 or IPv6 address and DNS name. OBS will use that address in its RTMP server URL.
- Set time synchronization and monitor available disk, memory, CPU and network egress. A stream can remain connected while the host is running out of storage or bandwidth.
Install NGINX
Follow the package instructions for your image and repository. The official NGINX Open Source installation guide covers installation with apt, starting the service, checking it with curl, and the usual locations of /etc/nginx/nginx.conf and /var/log/nginx/.
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After installation, check the service before adding RTMP:
sudo systemctl status nginx
sudo nginx -t
curl -I http://127.0.0.1/A successful local HTTP response confirms that the base NGINX service is listening. It does not prove that RTMP is installed.
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Install and load an RTMP module
Match the module to your NGINX build
NGINX Open Source distributions may ship an RTMP module under different package names, or not ship one at all. NGINX Plus has a documented Debian/Ubuntu package command, sudo apt update followed by sudo apt install nginx-plus-module-rtmp, in the NGINX RTMP module documentation. Do not substitute that package name blindly for an Open Source image: identify the package supplied by your repository and ensure its binary was built for your installed NGINX version.
Third-party packaging can lag behind the NGINX version in your image. For example, NGINX Extras lists nginx-module-rtmp version 1.2.2 as released July 5, 2025; that is a packaging statement from that project, not a universal NGINX Open Source release number. See its module page for the package-specific details.
Load a dynamic module when required
If your package installs a dynamic shared object, add its load_module directive at the top level of /etc/nginx/nginx.conf, before the http or rtmp blocks:
load_module modules/ngx_rtmp_module.so;The exact relative or absolute path is package-dependent; use the path documented by the package. Loading a module built for a different NGINX version can prevent NGINX from starting. Always test before reloading:
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sudo nginx -t
sudo nginx -s reloadRun the reload only after the syntax check reports that the configuration is successful. If the test fails, correct the reported file and line, run nginx -t again, and leave the running service untouched until the check passes.
Define a private RTMP application
Add an rtmp block to the main configuration (or include a file from it, if your distribution provides an include directory). This is a conceptual baseline:
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server {
listen 1935;
chunk_size 4096;
application live {
live on;
record off;
}
}
}The application name is live. That name becomes part of the OBS server URL. The baseline accepts a publishing connection, so it must not be treated as a complete access-control policy.
Restrict who may publish
If the encoder has a stable public source address, restrict publishing in the application:
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application live {
live on;
record off;
allow publish 203.0.113.10;
deny publish all;
}Replace the example address with the real trusted source address. An allowlist is unsuitable when the encoder’s address changes frequently. In that case, combine network controls with a long, random stream key and rotate the key immediately if it is exposed. Treat the key as a credential; do not put it in public screenshots, source repositories or shared chat. Publishing authorization and viewer authorization are separate problems: protecting the ingest endpoint does not automatically protect playback.
After editing, validate and reload:
sudo nginx -t
sudo nginx -s reloadConfigure OBS to publish to the VPS
In OBS, open Settings → Stream, choose Custom (or Custom Streaming Server, depending on the OBS build), and enter:
| OBS field | Value |
|---|---|
| Server | rtmp://VPS_ADDRESS/live |
| Stream key | A high-entropy secret you generated and have not shared publicly |
For example, if the VPS address is 198.51.100.20, the server field is rtmp://198.51.100.20/live; the key is entered separately in OBS. Do not append the key to the server URL unless your encoder specifically requires that format. The OBS private RTMP guide and OBS private-hosting wiki document this custom-server and stream-key workflow.
Click Apply, then Start Streaming. Watch the OBS status area for a connected state and check the NGINX error log at the same time. A successful OBS connection only proves that publishing reached the RTMP application; it does not prove that a browser can play the stream.
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Add HLS for browser playback (optional)
RTMP is commonly used for encoder ingest, while browsers generally need an HTTP-delivered format. The RTMP module can generate HLS, but the directives and behavior depend on the installed module version. Confirm the syntax against the documentation shipped with your package before deploying it publicly.
Example RTMP HLS settings
Inside the same application live block, an HLS-enabled example is:
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live on;
record off;
hls on;
hls_path /var/www/html/hls;
hls_fragment 4s;
hls_playlist_length 12s;
}Create the directory named by hls_path and grant the NGINX worker permission to write there. The exact user and group vary by distribution. Keep the directory dedicated to generated segments, and apply a retention strategy appropriate to your disk size and privacy requirements.
Serve the playlist and segments over HTTP
Add an HTTP server or location that maps the generated directory. A minimal pattern is:
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
server {
listen 80;
server_name _;
location /hls/ {
alias /var/www/html/hls/;
add_header Cache-Control no-cache;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*" always;
}
types {
application/vnd.apple.mpegurl m3u8;
video/mp2t ts;
}
}
}Use a specific site hostname instead of the catch-all value for a public deployment. Replace the wildcard CORS value with the actual web application origin when possible; a wildcard makes cross-origin access broadly available. For public delivery, terminate TLS and use HTTPS on port 443, then reference an HTTPS playlist URL from the player.
After the stream starts, an expected playlist path for this example is http://VPS_ADDRESS/hls/stream.m3u8, where stream is the publishing stream name. The filename depends on the name supplied by the encoder and the module’s behavior. Request the actual generated path from a client rather than assuming it exists before publishing begins.
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- Check service state:
sudo systemctl status nginx. - Run
sudo nginx -tafter every configuration change. A failed test is a stop sign; do not reload until it passes. - Start OBS and confirm its connection status.
- Inspect the NGINX error and access logs in
/var/log/nginx/for connection, permission or module errors. - If HLS is enabled, request the generated
.m3u8URL from a client after the stream has started. A missing playlist usually means publishing did not reach the expected application, the HLS directory is unwritable, the URL does not match the stream name, or the module directives do not match the installed version. - Test from outside the VPS network. A localhost request can succeed even when a provider firewall, host firewall or DNS record blocks public clients.
Troubleshoot the common failure points
| Symptom | Likely checks |
|---|---|
unknown directive "rtmp" |
The module is absent or not loaded. Confirm the package, the shared-object path and the top-level load_module line. |
| NGINX fails after a module install | The module may target a different NGINX build. Run nginx -t, read the exact error, and install a matching package rather than repeatedly reloading. |
| OBS cannot connect | Check the server URL, application name, stream key, TCP 1935 rules, VPS address and whether NGINX is listening. |
| OBS connects but publishing is rejected | Review allow publish/deny publish rules and the source address seen by the server. A changing encoder address will invalidate a fixed allowlist. |
| HLS playlist is absent | Confirm HLS directives for your module version, ensure the HLS directory exists and is writable, and verify that the requested URL matches the generated filename. |
| Playlist loads but playback fails | Check MIME types, CORS policy, segment URLs, HTTPS mixed-content rules and browser/player support. Inspect both the playlist and an individual segment response. |
| Stream stops or stutters | Monitor CPU, memory, disk, network egress and dropped packets. Check encoder output settings and VPS resource limits before changing configuration. |
Operate the server safely
- Protect credentials: rotate the stream key after exposure and keep publishing controls separate from playback controls.
- Keep versions aligned: update NGINX and the RTMP module as a compatible pair. Third-party repositories may release on a different schedule.
- Watch resource use: NGINX can receive, forward and package streams, but transcoding multiple resolutions requires additional CPU or specialized infrastructure.
- Plan egress: every viewer consumes outbound bandwidth. A VPS may be technically configured correctly yet become expensive or saturated at higher audiences.
- Manage files: HLS segments consume disk and may contain sensitive content. Set retention, permissions and deletion procedures deliberately.
- Use HTTPS for public playback: it protects playlist and segment transport and avoids browser mixed-content blocks when the player page is secure.
Self-hosted NGINX RTMP versus a managed streaming platform
| Decision factor | VPS with NGINX RTMP | Managed service |
|---|---|---|
| Operational control | You control the Linux host, configuration, keys and output paths. | The provider controls the service and exposes its supported settings. |
| Ingest and playback protocols | You configure RTMP and optional HLS/DASH output. | Protocols and player endpoints depend on the service. |
| Authentication | You design stream-key, network and viewer controls. | Authentication features are supplied according to the plan. |
| Transcoding and adaptive bitrate | Not automatic; budget separate processing capacity. | Often available as a service feature, subject to its limits. |
| CDN reach and monitoring | You must design delivery, observability and scaling. | Usually integrated, but with less infrastructure control. |
| Maintenance and cost | You patch, secure and pay for VPS resources and outbound bandwidth. | You pay service charges in exchange for less server administration. |
The supplied NGINX procedures establish configuration steps, not a viewer limit, latency figure, bitrate guarantee or comparative price. Choose self-hosting when control and a simple ingest endpoint matter and you can operate Linux; choose a managed option when you need built-in scaling, transcoding, authentication or distribution and prefer not to maintain the media server.
Quick Recap
Configuration checklist
- Supported Linux image, non-root administrator and updated packages.
- Provider and host firewalls configured for only the required ports.
- NGINX installed and responding locally.
- RTMP module package matches the NGINX build and is loaded in the top-level context.
rtmp {}andapplication live { live on; }are present.- Publishing is restricted with a source allowlist or strong, protected key.
nginx -tpasses before every reload.- OBS uses
rtmp://VPS_ADDRESS/liveand the separate stream key field. - HLS is configured only if browser playback is needed, with writable storage, MIME types, CORS and HTTPS planned.
- Logs, resource usage, disk retention and key rotation have an owner.
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