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Set two independent controls: constrain what an agent can reach in its runtime and tools, then require an explicit human decision before selected actions execute. The runtime boundary should cover filesystem paths, network destinations, tools, and credentials. The approval policy should pause a run, show the proposed action and context, record an approve or reject result, and resume the same run from saved state only after that decision. Automated guardrails can reject malformed or disallowed requests in code; human review belongs where accountable judgment is required.

Sandboxing is not an approval system, and an approval button is not isolation. A safe design layers both, with an audit trail that connects the original request, proposed tool call, policy decision, reviewer, result, and execution outcome.

Runtime permissions and approval gates solve different problems

A runtime permission answers: What is this agent technically able to do? An approval gate answers: Must a person authorize this particular action before it runs? Treating either one as a substitute for the other leaves a gap.

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Runtime permissions are the execution boundary

Permissions are enforced in the environment and tool layer. They determine which files an agent can read or write, whether it can execute local commands, which network destinations it can contact, which tools are exposed, and which credentials are available. OpenAI describes its Codex sandbox this way: “The sandbox defines the technical execution boundary, including where Codex can write, whether it can reach the network, and which paths remain protected.” The statement appears in “Running Codex safely at OpenAI,” published May 8, 2026.

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A permission should be narrow enough that a mistaken or manipulated tool call cannot reach unrelated systems. Read access is different from write access; a local test command is different from a production deployment; and a request to fetch public documentation is different from a request to send customer data to an external host.

Approval gates are decision points

An approval policy determines when the agent must stop and ask before performing an action. The same OpenAI article states: “Approval policy determines when Codex must ask to perform an action, such as when it needs to do something outside of the sandbox.” An approval can therefore be required even when the underlying tool is technically available, and it can be triggered when a call would cross the runtime boundary.

Approval is a workflow control, not an access-control mechanism. If a tool is never supposed to be reachable, remove it or deny it in the runtime. Do not expose a dangerous capability and rely on a reviewer to reject every call.

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Design the control plane and execution plane separately

A practical architecture has a harness that owns the agent loop and a restricted execution plane that performs work. OpenAI’s sandbox guidance describes the harness as responsible for routing, approvals, tracing, recovery, and run state, while the sandbox is the place where files, commands, packages, and workspace activity occur. See OpenAI’s Sandbox Agents guide.

  • Harness or orchestrator: receives the user request, selects tools, evaluates policy, pauses for approval, stores run state, and records events.
  • Sandbox or runtime: enforces filesystem, process, package, and network restrictions.
  • Tool server: validates arguments and performs the requested operation against a specific resource.
  • Credential boundary: supplies only the identity and secrets needed for the current task, preferably through short-lived or scoped credentials.
  • Reviewer interface: presents the proposed action, target, arguments, reason, and relevant risk context, then returns an explicit approval or rejection.

Keeping these responsibilities distinct lets you change an approval rule without silently expanding technical access, and lets you tighten a sandbox without rewriting the reviewer workflow.

Step 1: inventory every capability and data path

Start with an inventory, not a prompt. For each tool, record what it can read, change, transmit, or trigger. Include indirect effects such as a deployment tool that changes production through an API or a database query tool that can export personal data.

Inventory field Questions to answer
Tool identity What exact function, endpoint, command, or plugin is exposed?
Operation Is it read-only, a write, a delete, a transmission, or an execution request?
Resource scope Which paths, repositories, hosts, accounts, records, or environments can it touch?
Credentials Which identity, token, role, or secret is presented, and can it be narrowed?
Impact Could the call affect customers, production systems, money, regulated data, or availability?
Reversibility Can the result be rolled back, and how quickly can a rollback be verified?
Evidence What arguments, results, policy decisions, and identity information can be logged?

Classify read-only and mutating operations separately even when they belong to one service. A tool that lists records may be safe to run automatically while the same service’s update or export operation requires review. This classification is a design recommendation; the cited platform materials do not prescribe a universal inventory format.

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Step 2: establish the narrowest runtime boundary

Grant only the paths, destinations, and tools required for the task. Put sensitive credentials and control-plane functions outside the agent’s ordinary workspace where practical.

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Filesystem and process scope

  • Allow writes only to the working directory or an explicit set of project paths.
  • Keep operating-system configuration, credential stores, unrelated repositories, and control-plane files protected.
  • Separate commands that inspect or test from commands that install, modify, delete, or deploy.
  • Use a disposable workspace for untrusted inputs so cleanup does not require access to a host-wide filesystem.

Network scope

  • Default to no network access when the task does not require it.
  • When network access is necessary, allow only the destinations and protocols the tool needs.
  • Record policy blocks as well as successful requests, because a blocked destination can reveal attempted data movement or a confused tool.
  • Do not treat a prompt instruction such as “never upload secrets” as a network boundary; enforce egress in the runtime or gateway.

Tools and credentials

  • Expose a small allow-list of purpose-built tools instead of a general shell or unrestricted API client.
  • Pass read-only or resource-scoped credentials when a write-capable identity is unnecessary.
  • Keep deployment, billing, account-administration, and secret-management operations behind separate tools so their policies can be explicit.
  • Validate resource identifiers server-side; do not rely on the model to keep an argument inside an allowed tenant, project, or environment.

The boundary should remain effective if the model is wrong, the user request is adversarial, or a tool result contains malicious instructions. A sandbox reduces the blast radius; it does not prove that every permitted action is safe.

Step 3: define an approval policy by action class

There is no cross-industry threshold that says exactly which actions must receive human approval. Set policy using the action’s impact, reversibility, data sensitivity, and operating context, and document the rationale. The following rubric is an editorial recommendation, not a standards requirement.

Action class Typical default Reasoning
Read-only inspection inside the assigned workspace Automatic Usually low impact when the path and identity are already constrained.
Edits to a disposable workspace or generated artifact Automatic or sampled review Changes are local and can normally be discarded or regenerated.
Writes to a shared repository, ticket system, or customer-visible draft Approval or a separate merge/review process The result affects other people or becomes externally visible.
External network transmission, data export, or third-party message Approval by default The action can disclose data and is difficult to retract.
Production deployment, account change, deletion, payment, or security-policy change Approval with an accountable reviewer Impact is high even when a rollback exists.

Refine the policy by resource and environment. A write to a test project may be automatic while the same tool call against production pauses. A read of public documentation may be automatic while a read of a customer record requires approval because confidentiality, not mutation, creates the risk.

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Choose the policy mode

Platform implementations use different names and configuration surfaces. OpenAI’s Realtime API documents always, never, and filtered approval settings that can select tools by name or by read-only annotations; the details are in the MCP approval policy section of the OpenAI API reference. Anthropic’s managed-agent documentation describes automatic, approval-based, or server-evaluated permission behavior, with outcomes such as allow, ask, or deny; see Permission policies in the Claude Platform Docs.

Policy behavior When it fits Operational consequence
Automatic Low-impact, tightly scoped actions The tool runs without waiting for a reviewer, subject to runtime and code guardrails.
Prompt-and-pause Actions requiring accountable judgment The run interrupts, displays the proposed call, and continues only after approval.
Server-evaluated Central policy services or organization-wide rules A policy service returns an allow, ask, or deny decision; the agent should not override it.
Never permitted Capabilities outside the task or prohibited by policy The tool is denied rather than offered as a repeated approval request.

These are platform examples, not interchangeable configuration instructions. Map the concept to the product you operate and verify the current API or SDK semantics before deployment.

Step 4: implement pause, decision, and resume as one transaction

An approval gate should be an execution pause with an explicit result, not a conversational suggestion that the model may ignore. The OpenAI Agents SDK documents interruptions and saved RunState for this pattern, including approvals at top-level tools, handoffs, and nested agent tools. Its Human-in-the-loop guide also describes optional input guardrails before approval and a second validation before execution.

  1. Detect the gate before the side effect. The harness evaluates the tool, resource, arguments, and context before invoking the operation. If policy says approval is required, do not open the connection, write the file, send the message, or mutate the record yet.
  2. Freeze the proposed action. Store the tool name, fully resolved target, arguments, requesting user, agent run identifier, policy that triggered the pause, and any relevant tool-output context. Avoid showing a vague description such as “continue with the task”; show the concrete operation.
  3. Present reviewable context. The reviewer should see what will happen, where, with which identity, expected impact, and any validation warnings. Redact secrets while retaining enough information to identify the target.
  4. Return an explicit decision. Use a distinct approve, reject, or policy-deny outcome. A timeout or reviewer cancellation should not be interpreted as approval.
  5. Record the decision before execution. Capture reviewer identity, time, decision, policy version, and any comment or reason. If multiple people can approve, record the authorization basis required by your process.
  6. Resume the same run state. Continue from the saved state after approval rather than starting a new unconstrained run. The resumed execution should re-check the tool and arguments because the workspace, credential, or policy may have changed while waiting.
  7. Execute once and capture the result. Bind the approved call to the stored arguments or clearly show any changed arguments for a new decision. Log success, failure, timeout, and downstream policy blocks.
  8. Handle rejection without looping. Return a useful rejection reason to the agent or user, mark the proposed call as rejected, and prevent automatic retries from issuing the same side effect. A materially different proposal should go through policy again.

Approval can occur at more than one layer. For example, a top-level agent may request a deployment tool, a handoff may ask a specialist to export data, and a nested agent may invoke a mutating function. Apply the same pause and state-preservation behavior at each layer so a nested tool cannot bypass the parent’s gate.

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Step 5: layer deterministic guardrails around human review

Use code-enforced guardrails for checks that are objective and repeatable, and reserve human review for choices that need accountable judgment. OpenAI’s guidance on guardrails and human review makes this distinction explicit.

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Checks that belong in code

  • Argument schema, data types, required fields, and maximum sizes.
  • Allowed path, host, project, tenant, environment, and record identifiers.
  • Credential scope, expiration, and whether the requested operation matches the credential’s role.
  • Secret and personal-data detection before an outbound transmission.
  • Rate, budget, quota, and time limits.
  • Change-window, branch-protection, or deployment-environment rules.

Approval timing matters

By default, the Agents SDK runs function-tool input guardrails after approval and immediately before execution. Developers can enable pre-approval checks, and validation occurs again after approval. This ordering matters: a pre-approval check can prevent a reviewer from seeing an obviously invalid request, while the post-approval check catches changes or newly invalid state before the side effect. Do not assume that a check performed before a long review remains true when execution resumes.

A guardrail failure should be a denial or a clear validation error, not an approval request that trains reviewers to click through machine-detectable problems. Conversely, do not encode subjective business judgment as a brittle allow-list when a responsible person must weigh the context.

Step 6: make the approval request understandable and safe

Review quality depends on the information shown at the decision point. Include:

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  • The user’s original request and the agent’s short explanation of why the tool is needed.
  • The exact tool and operation, including whether it reads, writes, deletes, sends, or executes.
  • The resolved resource, environment, destination, and credential or role name.
  • Arguments after normalization, with secrets and unnecessary personal data redacted.
  • Expected side effects, reversibility, and any relevant policy or guardrail warnings.
  • What will happen on approval, rejection, timeout, or cancellation.

A reviewer should not have to trust a natural-language summary when the system can display the actual structured call. If the target cannot be resolved unambiguously, reject or ask for clarification before presenting approval.

Step 7: preserve an audit trail that can explain every side effect

At minimum, log a chain from request to result:

  1. Original user request and authenticated requester.
  2. Agent run, model, tool, and policy versions.
  3. Proposed tool call with normalized target and arguments.
  4. Runtime permissions in force, including relevant filesystem and network decisions.
  5. Guardrail evaluations, warnings, and blocks.
  6. Approval requirement, reviewer identity, decision, timestamp, and reason where supplied.
  7. Execution start, completion, error, timeout, and returned result.
  8. Retries, changed arguments, resumed runs, and any downstream policy blocks.

OpenAI describes deployment logs that inspect the original request, tool activity, approval decisions, tool results, and relevant network-policy decisions or blocks in its Codex safety article. That is a vendor example rather than a universal log schema, so adapt retention, access, redaction, and regional storage to your organization’s legal and security requirements.

Protect the audit trail itself. Restrict who can alter or delete it, separate operational logs from sensitive tool results when necessary, and make correlation identifiers available to incident responders without exposing secrets to ordinary reviewers.

Compare runtime designs before choosing an implementation

Evaluate a design on five axes rather than by product name:

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Axis Questions
Enforcement point Is the restriction enforced by the operating system or runtime, the harness, the tool server, or an API policy service?
Scope granularity Can it distinguish a whole tool, named operation, read-only call, path, host, tenant, environment, or individual resource?
Approval behavior Does it support automatic execution, prompt-and-pause, or a server-evaluated decision?
Resume and rejection Is run state preserved, are decisions explicit, and are retries prevented from repeating a rejected side effect?
Auditability Can you reconstruct policy decisions, reviewer identity, arguments, runtime blocks, and final results?

A design that offers only a chat confirmation but no runtime enforcement fails the first axis. A locked-down sandbox with no review for high-impact actions fails the approval-behavior axis. A system that pauses correctly but loses the original arguments fails the resume and auditability axes.

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Common failure modes and fixes

The agent is told to ask, but still executes

Cause: the instruction is in a prompt rather than in the tool dispatcher. Fix: enforce the gate in the harness or tool server before invocation, and make the tool unavailable until an approve result is recorded.

Approval is requested after the side effect

Cause: the system logs a tool call or asks for confirmation after opening a connection, writing a file, or sending a request. Fix: split planning from execution and place the policy check before the first irreversible operation.

Every call requires approval

Cause: the policy has no read-only or resource-level distinctions. Fix: classify operations, narrow scopes, and automate low-impact checks while retaining review for consequential actions. Excessive prompts encourage rubber-stamping.

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A reviewer approves a stale proposal

Cause: the workspace, target, permissions, or policy changed while the run was paused. Fix: revalidate arguments and current state after approval and before execution; require a new decision when the proposed side effect materially changes.

Rejection causes an automatic retry loop

Cause: the agent treats rejection as a transient tool error. Fix: represent rejection as a terminal policy outcome for that proposal, pass the reason back to the agent, and require a materially different proposal or an explicit new request.

The sandbox exposes a powerful credential

Cause: filesystem or network restrictions are treated as sufficient even though a token can reach an unrestricted control plane. Fix: scope credentials independently, keep secrets outside the workspace where practical, and enforce authorization at the destination service.

Logs cannot explain what happened

Cause: only the final text response is retained. Fix: log structured tool calls, policy and guardrail outcomes, approval identity, runtime blocks, and execution results with a shared run identifier.

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Test the policy before enabling live side effects

Exercise the complete flow with a disposable environment and representative failures:

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  • A permitted read-only call stays inside its assigned path and runs without an unnecessary prompt.
  • A write to a protected path is denied by the runtime even if the model requests it.
  • An allowed but consequential call pauses before execution and displays the exact target and arguments.
  • Approval resumes the original run once, while rejection produces no side effect and no uncontrolled retry.
  • A changed argument, expired credential, or changed policy between pause and resume is caught by post-approval validation.
  • A blocked network destination is recorded and does not become an unlogged fallback route.
  • A nested agent, handoff, or specialist tool cannot bypass the parent’s approval rule.
  • Logs remain usable when the tool fails, times out, or returns sensitive data that must be redacted.

Test both malicious and ordinary inputs. A safe design must handle prompt injection and accidental overreach without making normal low-impact work impossible.

A practical operating model

For each new agent, publish a small policy record alongside its tool definitions. List allowed tools, read and write resources, network destinations, credentials, automatic actions, approval-required actions, hard denials, guardrails, reviewer roles, and log fields. Version that record and include its identifier in every run.

Review the policy when the agent gains a tool, a credential changes, a new environment is added, or a previously reversible operation becomes customer-visible. Monitor approval rates, rejection reasons, guardrail blocks, policy-denied calls, and incidents caused by stale or ambiguous context. Those signals help you reduce unnecessary prompts without weakening controls.

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The most dependable pattern is therefore layered: a narrow runtime boundary limits what the agent can technically reach; deterministic guardrails reject invalid or prohibited calls; approval gates stop consequential actions for accountable review; and preserved state plus tamper-resistant logs make the decision and its outcome explainable.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can a sandbox replace an approval gate?

No. A sandbox limits technical reach, while an approval gate controls whether a permitted action may proceed. Use both when an action is available but consequential.

Should a timeout be treated as approval?

No. Treat timeout, cancellation, and an unavailable reviewer as non-approval outcomes unless your documented policy explicitly defines another safe behavior.

Where should approval be enforced when several agents cooperate?

Enforce it at the execution boundary used by every top-level, handoff, and nested tool call. Do not rely on only the outer agent’s prompt or interface.

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What should happen if the proposed call changes while waiting?

Invalidate the original decision, re-run deterministic validation, and request a new approval for the materially different action.

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