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Run Django behind Apache by loading mod_wsgi, mapping the site URL to your project’s wsgi.py with WSGIScriptAlias, and routing the virtual host to a dedicated daemon process group. Keep static and uploaded media outside Django’s request handler by exposing their directories with Apache Alias rules. Daemon mode is the recommended mode on non-Windows platforms because it separates the application from Apache’s other modules and makes multiple sites easier to isolate.
What the deployment looks like
A production request normally passes through Apache first. Apache serves files that you explicitly map, such as CSS, JavaScript, images, and uploaded media. Requests that do not match those aliases are sent to mod_wsgi, which imports Django through the project’s WSGI entry point and calls the application object defined there.
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WSGIScriptAliasmaps a URL prefix to the WSGI script, usually<project>/wsgi.py, and binds matching requests to mod_wsgi.WSGIDaemonProcessdefines a dedicated group of processes and the Python environment they use.WSGIProcessGroupsends the virtual host’s WSGI requests to that named daemon group.python-homeselects the virtual-environment prefix in daemon mode.python-pathadds the directory from which your Django project package can be imported.Aliasexposes static and media directories directly through Apache rather than through Django.
A minimal daemon-mode virtual host has this shape:
WSGIDaemonProcess example.com python-home=/path/to/venv python-path=/path/to/project
WSGIProcessGroup example.com
WSGIScriptAlias / /path/to/project/mysite/wsgi.py
<Directory /path/to/project/mysite>
<Files wsgi.py>
Require all granted
</Files>
</Directory>Replace every path and the process-group name with values from your deployment. The name after WSGIProcessGroup must exactly match the name declared in WSGIDaemonProcess.
Prerequisites and layout
Use a compatible Python and mod_wsgi
mod_wsgi is compiled against a specific base Python version. The virtual environment named by python-home must have been created with that same base version. A virtual environment made with a different Python minor version can fail even when its directory and packages look correct.
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Before configuring Apache, establish:
- The Python version used to build or install mod_wsgi.
- The base Python version used to create the virtual environment.
- The absolute path to the virtual-environment prefix, such as
/srv/example/venv. - The absolute path to the directory containing the Django project package.
- The absolute path to the WSGI script.
- The directories that will hold collected static files and uploaded media.
Do not point python-home at the environment’s bin directory. It must point at the virtual-environment prefix itself.
Choose a predictable filesystem layout
An arrangement that keeps code, the environment, and web-served assets separate is easier to secure:
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/srv/example/
├── app/ # project directory added with python-path
│ ├── manage.py
│ └── mysite/
│ ├── settings.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ └── wsgi.py
├── venv/ # python-home points here
├── static/ # output of collectstatic
└── media/ # uploaded filesThe names are illustrative. What matters is that the path in python-path is the directory from which the project package imports successfully, and that the paths used by Apache actually exist.
Install and verify mod_wsgi
Confirm that Apache loads the module
Use your operating system’s package or build process to install mod_wsgi, then verify that Apache reports the module as loaded. Distribution package names and module-enabling commands differ, so follow the package documentation for your platform rather than copying a command intended for another distribution.
Run Apache’s configuration check before every reload:
apachectl configtestA successful syntax check does not prove that Django can import. It only proves that Apache can parse the configuration. Check the Apache error log after starting or reloading the site; mod_wsgi import and Python-version errors are normally reported there.
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Check the Python-version match
If Apache starts but the WSGI application fails to load, first compare the Python version used by mod_wsgi with the version used to create the virtual environment. Rebuilding the virtual environment with the matching base interpreter is usually safer than trying to work around a mismatch in Apache configuration.
Also verify that the module is built for the Python installation you intend to run. Loading a mod_wsgi module compiled for one interpreter while pointing python-home at another is not a supported substitute for rebuilding or installing a compatible module.
Configure a Django site in daemon mode
1. Prepare the project and environment
Install the project’s dependencies into the virtual environment and test the WSGI entry point in a controlled environment before placing Apache in front of it. Ensure that the project directory, the WSGI file, and the settings module are readable by the account under which Apache’s daemon processes run.
Set Django’s production settings separately from Apache configuration. In particular, use production-safe values for debugging, host validation, secret management, and database credentials. Keep secrets in the deployment environment or another protected configuration mechanism rather than in a web-served directory.
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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware match2. Define the daemon process
Add a WSGIDaemonProcess line inside the appropriate virtual-host configuration:
WSGIDaemonProcess example.com
python-home=/srv/example/venv
python-path=/srv/example/appThe first token after the directive is the daemon-group name. The python-home value is the virtual-environment prefix. The python-path value must contain the directory from which the Django project package imports; it is not necessarily the directory containing wsgi.py.
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3. Route the virtual host to that group
WSGIProcessGroup example.comThis directive is what associates requests handled by the virtual host with the daemon group. A typo or different capitalization leaves the virtual host pointing at a group that does not exist.
4. Map the URL to wsgi.py
WSGIScriptAlias / /srv/example/app/mysite/wsgi.pyThe first argument is the URL base path. Using / sends all requests not claimed by an earlier Apache mapping to Django. If you deploy under a prefix such as /portal/, use that prefix consistently in the alias and in Django’s URL and static-file settings.
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5. Grant access only to the WSGI script
<Directory /srv/example/app/mysite>
<Files wsgi.py>
Require all granted
</Files>
</Directory>The <Directory> path must contain the WSGI file, and the <Files> rule must name it correctly. Restricting the grant to wsgi.py avoids unnecessarily exposing other Python source files in the project directory.
6. Test, reload, and make a request
- Run
apachectl configtestand correct every syntax error. - Reload Apache using your operating system’s service manager.
- Request the site’s health endpoint or home page.
- Inspect the Apache and mod_wsgi error logs if the response is not the expected Django page.
Do not troubleshoot application code first. A missing module, wrong path, denied file, or process-group mismatch prevents Django from being called at all.
Understand each directive before changing it
| Directive | Purpose | Frequent mistake |
|---|---|---|
WSGIDaemonProcess |
Creates a named daemon process group and defines its Python environment and import path. | Using a virtual environment made with a different base Python version, or omitting the project directory from python-path. |
WSGIProcessGroup |
Routes the virtual host to the named daemon group. | The name does not exactly match the WSGIDaemonProcess name. |
WSGIScriptAlias |
Maps a URL base to the WSGI script and binds matching requests to mod_wsgi. | The file path is wrong, the URL prefix is inconsistent, or a later edit breaks the handler binding. |
python-home |
Selects the virtual-environment prefix used by daemon processes. | Pointing to venv/bin instead of venv. |
python-path |
Adds the project directory to Python’s module search path. | Using the directory containing wsgi.py when the importable project package is one level higher. |
<Directory> and <Files> |
Control Apache’s permission to access the WSGI script and web-served directories. | Granting access to the wrong filesystem path or to the entire source tree. |
Serve static files and uploaded media with Apache
Django does not serve static assets or uploaded media in a non-development server arrangement. Apache must serve them directly, or a separate web server must do so. Without an explicit mapping, requests for CSS, JavaScript, images, and admin assets commonly reach Django and end in 404 responses.
Collect static assets
Configure Django’s static-file destination for production, then run the project’s collectstatic command so application and admin assets are copied into the directory Apache will expose. The directory used by Alias must be the same directory produced by that command.
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Add Apache aliases
Alias /static/ /srv/example/static/
Alias /media/ /srv/example/media/
<Directory /srv/example/static>
Require all granted
</Directory>
<Directory /srv/example/media>
Require all granted
</Directory>Keep the trailing slash relationship consistent: a URL prefix ending in / should map to a filesystem path representing that directory. Place these aliases so Apache handles the asset requests before the catch-all WSGIScriptAlias / ... mapping.
Protect the source tree
Do not alias the project’s source directory as a public directory. Only the collected static directory and the media directory should be web-served. Uploaded media can contain user-controlled content, so review the file-handling and access policy for your application before making it public.
Diagnose a static-file 404
- Confirm that
collectstaticcompleted and that the requested file exists under the aliased directory. - Check that the URL uses the same prefix as the
Aliasdirective. - Check filesystem permissions for the Apache service account.
- Check that the
<Directory>rule uses the real filesystem path and grants access. - Check that the alias is not shadowed by another virtual-host or URL mapping.
- Remember that the Django admin’s CSS and JavaScript are static files too; they need the same Apache handling.
Daemon mode versus embedded mode
mod_wsgi can run Python inside Apache’s own worker processes (embedded mode) or in dedicated daemon processes (daemon mode). Django’s documentation recommends daemon mode on non-Windows platforms.
| Concern | Embedded mode | Daemon mode |
|---|---|---|
| Process isolation | Python runs in Apache’s process space and shares it with other loaded modules. | Python runs in dedicated mod_wsgi daemon processes. |
| Interaction with Apache modules | Application code shares the address space and lifecycle of Apache workers and their modules. | The Django process group is separated from Apache’s main worker process space. |
| Restart and code changes | Reload behavior is tied more closely to Apache worker restarts, which can increase restart and memory-management costs for Python applications. | The application group can be managed independently from Apache’s front-end workers. |
| Memory and lifecycle | Python memory is part of the Apache worker footprint. | Python memory is accounted for in the dedicated daemon processes. |
| Multiple Django sites | Sites share Apache process space, making isolation less explicit. | Each site can have its own daemon process group and Python environment. |
| Recommended use | Useful only when you have a specific compatibility or operational reason. | The normal choice for production Django deployments on non-Windows systems. |
Separate process groups do not replace application-level security, but they reduce accidental coupling between sites and make it clearer which environment owns a failure or restart.
Security hardening
Limit Apache’s filesystem grants
Grant access to the WSGI script and to the two web-served asset roots only. Avoid broad Require all granted rules over the project’s parent directory. A permissive rule can expose settings, source code, environment files, or deployment artifacts.
Prevent accidental source downloads
After every configuration change, verify that WSGIScriptAlias still binds the WSGI handler. If that binding breaks, Apache can fall back to treating a .py file as static content, potentially disclosing source code. A request to the WSGI path should execute the application, not display Python text.
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Use an appropriate service account
Run Apache and its daemon processes under the service account intended for the deployment. That account needs read and execute access to the application and virtual environment, write access only where the application genuinely requires it, and access to the static/media directories according to your upload policy.
Keep secrets out of public paths
Store database credentials, secret keys, and other sensitive values in the deployment environment or protected configuration. Never place them in the static directory, media directory, or any directory exposed with an Apache alias.
Isolate sites
Give each Django site its own daemon process-group name, virtual environment, project path, and static/media roots. This prevents a python-path or dependency change for one site from silently affecting another.
Updating code and dependencies safely
- Deploy the new code and dependencies into the intended project directory and virtual environment.
- Run Django’s deployment checks and the project’s migrations or other release steps using the deployment account.
- Run
collectstaticwhen static assets changed, confirming that the output directory is the one Apache aliases. - Run
apachectl configtestbefore touching the running service. - Reload Apache or restart the relevant daemon group according to your process-management procedure.
- Request a dynamic page and a known static asset, then inspect the logs for import, permission, or handler errors.
If a release changes the Python base version, rebuild mod_wsgi for that version and recreate the virtual environment rather than reusing the old environment.
Troubleshooting by symptom
Apache fails its configuration test
- Read the exact file and line number in the error.
- Check directive spelling, quoting, and closing tags for
<Directory>and<Files>. - Confirm that the mod_wsgi module is installed and loaded before the virtual-host configuration is parsed.
- Run the configuration test again after each correction; do not reload a configuration that still fails.
The site returns a server error immediately
- Inspect Apache and mod_wsgi error logs first.
- Confirm that
WSGIScriptAliaspoints to an existing file. - Confirm that the WSGI script’s parent directory and the
<Files wsgi.py>rule match the real path. - Check that the daemon group name in
WSGIProcessGroupis identical to the one inWSGIDaemonProcess. - Check Python-version compatibility and import errors before changing Django code.
Django reports that a project module cannot be imported
- Set
python-pathto the directory from which the project package imports, not merely to the directory containingwsgi.py. - Verify that the package is readable by the Apache service account.
- Verify that dependencies were installed in the environment named by
python-home, not in a different shell or user environment. - Check for a mismatch between the Python used to compile mod_wsgi and the Python used to create the virtual environment.
Static or admin files return 404
- Run
collectstaticand verify the requested file exists in its output directory. - Compare the browser URL with the
AliasURL prefix character for character. - Check the alias order, filesystem path, and
<Directory>permission rule. - Check read and traverse permissions for every parent directory.
A Python file is displayed instead of executed
Stop serving the site until the handler is corrected. Recheck that mod_wsgi is loaded, that WSGIScriptAlias points to the intended file, and that no later Apache rule overrides the WSGI mapping. Exposing source code can disclose credentials and application logic.
Quick Recap
Changes appear to have no effect
- Confirm that the edited virtual-host file is the one Apache has enabled.
- Run
apachectl configtest, then reload Apache. - Confirm that the request is reaching the expected host and daemon process group.
- Check logs for the timestamp of the new request rather than relying on a cached browser response.
Final deployment checklist
- mod_wsgi is loaded and compiled for the same base Python version as the virtual environment.
python-homepoints to the virtual-environment prefix, not itsbindirectory.python-pathcontains the project directory required for imports.WSGIScriptAliaspoints to an existingwsgi.pyfile.WSGIProcessGroupexactly matches the daemon-process name.- The WSGI script has a narrowly scoped
<Directory>/<Files>access rule. - Static and media directories have explicit aliases and matching permission rules.
collectstatichas populated the directory used by the static alias, including Django admin assets.- Apache passes
apachectl configtestbefore each reload. - Logs have been checked after a dynamic request and a static-file request.
- Secrets and source files are outside public aliases, and the service account has only the access it needs.
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