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Secure an operational technology (OT) network by reducing unnecessary internet exposure, separating OT from business IT, controlling remote access, and making changes in coordination with the people responsible for safe operations. AI may help attackers automate or scale familiar cyber risks, but the cited guidance does not establish a distinct AI-driven OT attack method or a separate defense architecture. The practical priority is to strengthen the controls that protect the site’s equipment, people, availability, and continuity.
What AI changes—and what it does not
AI is a reason to take familiar cyber risks seriously, not a reason to assume that OT needs an entirely new security model. The guidance cited here does not establish a unique AI-powered technique for attacking industrial control systems or quantify how often AI-assisted attacks target OT. It does support a practical response: reduce opportunities for unauthorized access, limit how far an intruder can move, and prepare to respond without compromising safe operations.
AI-related cyber incidents and vulnerabilities are a subject for information sharing. CISA’s January 14, 2025 announcement describes a voluntary collaboration playbook for sharing information about AI-related cybersecurity incidents and vulnerabilities. That announcement is not evidence, by itself, that AI-assisted OT attacks use a distinct method. Read CISA’s announcement of the JCDC AI Cybersecurity Collaboration Playbook and Fact Sheet.
For OT owners and operators, the core challenge is that security changes affect systems that perform physical processes. A control that is straightforward in a conventional office network may have consequences for safety, availability, or operational continuity when applied to equipment in a plant, utility, or other facility. Security improvements therefore need both a technical plan and coordination with the people who understand the process.
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Start with an inventory of assets, connections, and dependencies
You cannot reliably reduce exposure or plan a safe change if you do not know which systems are present and how they are connected. CISA recommends identifying internet-accessible assets, determining which genuinely need public access, removing unnecessary exposure, and mitigating risks where access must remain. Its Internet Exposure Reduction Guidance was published June 4, 2025. See CISA’s Internet Exposure Reduction Guidance.
Build or update an inventory that helps operations and security staff answer concrete questions. The exact fields depend on the facility, but a useful record should connect each asset to its operational purpose and network relationships rather than treating it as an isolated device.
- What is the asset? Record its role, location, owner, and relevant vendor or product information where known.
- What does it connect to? Document network connections, dependencies, and permitted communication paths, including connections to business IT or external parties.
- Who can reach it? Identify public-facing services, remote-access routes, vendor connections, and other ways a person or system can interact with it.
- What would a change affect? Ask the control-system and operations owners which process, safety, or continuity considerations apply before proposing a disconnection, update, or configuration change.
Keep the inventory useful rather than treating it as a one-time spreadsheet exercise. Revisit it when equipment, network architecture, vendor access, or operational requirements change. A current map makes it easier to distinguish necessary connections from inherited ones that no longer serve a clear purpose.
Find and reduce public internet exposure
Look for OT devices and services that can be reached from the public internet, as well as the remote-access routes that lead into OT environments. The key decision is not simply whether an asset is reachable: determine whether public reachability is operationally necessary. If it is not, plan to remove it. If a connection must remain, document why it is needed and how its risk will be mitigated.
A joint fact sheet from CISA, the FBI, EPA, and DOE dated May 6, 2025 advises operators to remove OT connections to the public internet and warns that some exposed OT devices lack authentication and authorization resistant to modern threats. The agencies state: “OT devices are easy targets when connected to the internet.” Read the agencies’ fact sheet, Primary Mitigations to Reduce Cyber Threats to Operational Technology.
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Do not treat removal as an uncoordinated switch-off. First establish what the connection supports and who depends on it. Work with the control-system owner to decide how to remove unnecessary exposure or mitigate a connection that must remain, then verify that the approved operational function still works. The facility’s architecture and safety requirements determine the appropriate implementation.
Replace default credentials
Change default credentials on OT devices and use strong, unique passwords instead. The joint agency fact sheet specifically advises replacing defaults. A credential that is shared across devices or left at a manufacturer default can make unauthorized access easier; a unique credential reduces the risk that one exposed or compromised account grants access elsewhere. Coordinate credential changes with the people responsible for the device and its operation so that authorized users and support processes are not inadvertently locked out.
Separate OT from business IT and limit lateral movement
Maintain separation between OT and business IT, and use network segmentation to limit an intruder’s ability to move from one environment to another. CISA’s #StopRansomware Guide recommends IT/OT separation, segmentation, and documentation of network topology, dependencies, and external access. These measures are relevant beyond ransomware: they help constrain the impact if an account, device, or connected environment is compromised.
Start from the communications required for the process to function. Document which connections are needed, between which assets or environments, and for what operational purpose. Then have OT and security staff review whether unnecessary paths can be removed or restricted. The aim is not to disrupt required control or support functions; it is to avoid allowing routine business connectivity to create broad, unexamined access into OT.
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- Does it reduce public exposure and clearly identify any connection that must remain?
- Does it strengthen separation between OT and business IT and limit unnecessary paths between network areas?
- Does it reflect the actual assets, dependencies, and external access documented for the facility?
- Can remote and vendor access be controlled without blocking necessary operational support?
- Is the approach compatible with the site’s equipment and operating requirements?
- Can the affected equipment be maintained and supported, and what would a change mean for safety, availability, and continuity?
There is no universal product or vendor ranking established by the guidance here. The appropriate design depends on the site, and a generic consumer-networking recommendation would not answer the operational and safety questions that matter.
Control remote and third-party access
Remote access can be operationally necessary, but it is also an external route into the environment. Document each remote-access route and third-party connection, its operational purpose, and the assets or network areas it can reach. Review that access with the OT owner and the teams responsible for security and vendor support.
Use the inventory and network map to identify routes that are no longer required, paths that reach more of the environment than the support task requires, and connections that need clearer ownership. Where access must remain, define how it will be governed and monitored in a way compatible with the facility’s architecture and operating requirements. Do not assume a connection is acceptable merely because it has been in place for a long time.
Pay particular attention to exposed edge devices and externally reachable systems. Keep them updated and monitored, while coordinating changes with operations. If a vendor or support relationship changes, revisit the access record and network documentation so the design reflects current needs rather than past arrangements.
Patch and mitigate vulnerabilities with operations in the loop
Patching OT is risk-informed work. A security update may address a vulnerability, but applying a change without understanding its operational impact can create a different risk. CISA’s ICS Recommended Practices resource library includes practices covering patch management, antivirus, remote access, incident response, and defense in depth. Consult CISA’s ICS Recommended Practices.
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- Review product advisories and vulnerabilities. Determine which notices apply to equipment actually present at the site; do not assume that every advisory affects every asset.
- Identify affected OT assets and dependencies. Use the inventory and network documentation to establish which process or connected systems could be affected by a change.
- Assess operational impact. Involve the control-system owner and operations personnel to consider safety, availability, and continuity before scheduling a patch or other mitigation.
- Test where feasible. Test the proposed change in a representative environment where feasible, then use the site’s change process to plan its deployment.
- Verify and document the outcome. Confirm that the intended security change and required operational functions are in place, and update relevant records.
If an update cannot be applied immediately, do not treat that as a reason to ignore the vulnerability. Review the risk with the responsible OT and security personnel, consider what mitigations are feasible for the architecture, and track the decision until the issue can be reassessed. The available guidance supports risk-informed patching, not a blanket rule that every update must be applied immediately regardless of operational consequences.
Make security changes through a safety-aware process
Before changing network access, credentials, segmentation, or device software, coordinate with control-system owners and assess impacts on the process. The CISA-led international OT principles are intended to help organizations understand how business decisions can affect OT cybersecurity and continuity. The agencies and international partners announced the guidance on October 1, 2024. Read the announcement of the Principles of Operational Technology Cybersecurity.
Put the decision in the site’s change process, suited to the facility and its operating constraints. At minimum, make sure the people responsible for operations understand what is changing, why it is being proposed, which connections or functions are in scope, and what the response will be if the change does not behave as intended. The process should account for safe operation and continuity—not just whether a security setting can be changed.
This coordination is especially important when removing a connection that appears unnecessary, changing credentials used by support staff, restricting network communications, or applying a patch. A technically sound control can still cause avoidable disruption if it conflicts with an undocumented dependency or an operational support requirement.
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Prepare incident response with OT personnel
Incident response plans should involve OT personnel, not only the teams responsible for business IT. Document the OT network topology, dependencies, and external access so responders can understand what systems are connected and which operational functions may be affected by containment actions. CISA’s ransomware guidance emphasizes separation, segmentation, and documenting these relationships; the ICS Recommended Practices resource includes incident response among its topics.
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Before an incident, agree on how security and operations staff will coordinate when suspicious activity is found. Response decisions in a control environment need to account for safe operations and continuity. The appropriate action may depend on the site’s process and architecture, so a generic instruction to disconnect equipment or block a path is not a substitute for a facility-specific response plan.
Use exercises or reviews to find gaps in ownership, contact paths, network documentation, and decision-making. Update the plan when assets, dependencies, vendor access, or the network design changes. The objective is for responders to know whom to involve and what operational context they need before taking action.
A practical implementation sequence
The following sequence turns the guidance into a manageable program. Adapt it to the facility’s architecture, safety requirements, and operating constraints; the exact controls and order may vary by site.
- Inventory OT assets. Record what is present, who owns it, what it supports, and how it connects to other systems.
- Map dependencies and external access. Document network topology, links to business IT, remote-access routes, vendor connections, and dependencies needed for operations.
- Identify internet-facing exposure. Determine which assets or services are publicly reachable and whether each exposure is operationally necessary.
- Remove unnecessary exposure. Coordinate changes with OT owners. For connections that must remain, document the reason and the risk mitigation approach.
- Replace default credentials. Use strong, unique passwords and coordinate changes with authorized users and support processes.
- Review IT/OT separation and segmentation. Identify unnecessary communications and paths that could permit lateral movement, then plan restrictions compatible with required operations.
- Govern remote and third-party access. Review each route, its purpose, its reach, and whether it is still needed; keep exposed edge devices updated and monitored.
- Manage vulnerabilities and changes. Review applicable advisories, identify affected assets, assess operational impact, test changes where feasible, and use the site’s change process.
- Prepare and revisit response plans. Involve OT personnel, document the information responders need, and revisit the design as assets, vendor access, and threats change.
Progress is easier to judge when the organization can answer practical questions: Are public connections known and justified? Are default credentials replaced? Is OT separated from business IT? Are remote and vendor routes documented and governed? Do patch decisions account for operations? Can responders find current topology and involve the right OT personnel? These are review prompts, not a substitute for a site-specific risk assessment.
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