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NAXSI adds a web application firewall (WAF) directly to NGINX. It is an open-source NGINX module, not a separate reverse proxy: NGINX receives the request, NAXSI scores what it sees, and your NGINX configuration decides whether to allow, learn, or deny it.
The safest deployment is staged. Confirm that the module matches the NGINX build, load NAXSI’s core rules globally, enable protection only in the locations that serve your application, run in learning mode while you exercise legitimate traffic, review the resulting events, add narrow whitelists, and switch each location to blocking mode only after false positives are understood.
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NAXSI is described by its maintainers as “an open-source, high performance, low rules maintenance WAF for NGINX.” It uses a scoring model rather than relying only on a long list of fixed attack signatures. Suspicious features contribute points to categories such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), remote file inclusion (RFI), directory traversal, and uploads. CheckRules decide what score is high enough to deny a request.
NAXSI is a DROP-by-default firewall. A request that looks unusual can be rejected unless the application behavior has been explicitly accepted with a whitelist rule. That design is powerful but means tuning is part of deployment; installing the module alone is not a complete security configuration.
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Before you change the VPS
- Use an Ubuntu VPS with a working NGINX virtual host and a tested application.
- Have administrative access through a second shell or console session in case a reload fails.
- Back up the NGINX configuration, site files, and any custom module packages.
- Record the current NGINX version and package source.
- Schedule a maintenance window for the first reload and keep a rollback plan.
- Identify health checks, API clients, file uploads, webhooks, search forms, and administrative paths that must continue to work.
Check the NGINX build and Ubuntu packages
The NAXSI module must be built for the NGINX version and ABI used by the running binary. A module built for a different release can fail to load or, worse, leave you with an unusable configuration. Start by recording the version and compile options:
nginx -v
nginx -V 2>&1
sudo nginx -tUse the official Ubuntu-compatible NGINX package source already serving your site, or the source used by your operations team. Do not mix a distribution NGINX binary with an unrelated module package without checking compatibility.
Search the enabled Ubuntu repositories for NAXSI before compiling anything:
apt-cache search naxsiOn Ubuntu releases that provide a packaged dynamic module, the package is commonly named libnginx-mod-http-naxsi; confirm that the package is available for your release and that its dependency requires the same NGINX series as nginx -v. Install the package shown by your repository, then verify where it placed the module and configuration files:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install libnginx-mod-http-naxsi
sudo nginx -t
find /usr/share/naxsi /usr/lib/nginx -maxdepth 3 -type f 2>/dev/null | sortIf your repositories do not provide a compatible package, compile NAXSI as a dynamic module against the exact NGINX source version. Obtain the matching NGINX source, preserve the configure options reported by nginx -V, add NAXSI with the compatible-module option, and build only the module when your build process supports that workflow. Copy the resulting NAXSI shared object into the module directory used by your NGINX package, load it with a top-level load_module directive if your package requires one, and run nginx -t before proceeding. Keep the source, compiler version, configure command, and resulting module under change control so the module can be rebuilt after an NGINX upgrade.
Understand where each NAXSI directive belongs
NAXSI configuration has three useful scopes:
| NGINX context | Purpose |
|---|---|
http {} |
Load the NAXSI module when required and include naxsi_core.rules, the shared detection rules. |
server {} |
Define server-wide dynamic modifiers and the denied-request endpoint for that virtual host. |
location {} |
Enable NAXSI for a path, select learning or blocking mode, set CheckRules, include whitelists, and handle application requests. |
This location scope is important: /, /api/, an upload endpoint, and a static-files location can have different enforcement decisions. Protect only locations that actually process untrusted application input.
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Load the core rules and define a denied endpoint
Ubuntu packages commonly install these files:
/usr/share/naxsi/naxsi_core.rules/usr/share/naxsi/naxsi_denied_url.conf- Either
/usr/share/naxsi/naxsi_learning_mode.confor/usr/share/naxsi/naxsi_block_mode.conf
Open the relevant virtual-host configuration, usually under /etc/nginx/sites-available/. If your package requires an explicit module load, place it before the events {} or http {} block as directed by that package. Inside http {}, include the core rules once:
http {
include /usr/share/naxsi/naxsi_core.rules;
# other http-level settings...
}Inside the protected server {}, set the denied URL. The endpoint should not be an application route that can recursively trigger the firewall. A common pattern is a private internal location:
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.invalid;
location = /RequestDenied {
internal;
include /usr/share/naxsi/naxsi_denied_url.conf;
}
# protected application locations follow here
}Use your real server name and TLS listener. If your deployment already has a custom error endpoint, keep its behavior simple and ensure it cannot be requested directly from the public internet.
Start with learning mode
Learning mode records what NAXSI would have considered suspicious without blocking the request. Enable it separately in every application location that needs protection:
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location / {
SecRulesEnabled;
LearningMode;
DeniedUrl "/RequestDenied";
include /usr/share/naxsi/naxsi_learning_mode.conf;
# Your normal proxy_pass, fastcgi_pass, or application directives
}Use exactly one mode file in a location. Do not include the learning and blocking files together. If your package does not provide a mode file, the equivalent directives can be written explicitly, but the package’s installed examples are the safest reference for your NGINX version.
Set CheckRules deliberately. NAXSI documentation gives these as example starting thresholds:
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| Category | Example threshold |
|---|---|
SQL injection ($SQL) |
$SQL >= 8 |
Remote file inclusion ($RFI) |
$RFI >= 8 |
Directory traversal ($TRAVERSAL) |
$TRAVERSAL >= 5 |
Uploads ($UPLOAD) |
$UPLOAD >= 5 |
Cross-site scripting ($XSS) |
$XSS >= 8 |
These values are examples, not universal safe settings. An API that accepts encoded search expressions or a rich text editor may need different thresholds and carefully scoped whitelists. Keep the rules in the location that owns the traffic so a permissive API policy does not weaken unrelated pages.
Exercise real traffic and read NAXSI events
Test normal behavior while learning mode is active. Sign in and out, submit every form, search with punctuation, create and edit records, upload permitted files, call documented API endpoints, and run background jobs or webhook deliveries. Include both anonymous and authenticated paths. A short synthetic test is not enough because NAXSI must see the application’s legitimate input vocabulary.
Watch the NGINX error log while you test:
sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.logNAXSI event lines commonly contain a structured NAXSI_FMT record with the URL, variables, score categories, and rule identifiers. Correlate each event with the request that caused it. A repeated event from a known feature is a candidate for a narrow whitelist; a one-off event from an unexpected client may be genuine hostile traffic or an application defect.
Whitelist legitimate requests narrowly
NAXSI’s documentation warns that simple patterns can also match valid queries. Whitelist only the specific rule, URL, variable, or request characteristic demonstrated by a legitimate event. Do not disable all checks for an entire server merely to make a feature work.
- Capture the event and identify the NAXSI rule IDs and match zones involved.
- Confirm that the request is expected by the application and cannot be reproduced as an unsafe input in another context.
- Restrict the whitelist to the smallest URL path and argument or header that needs it.
- Place the rule in the protected location’s whitelist include so its scope is obvious.
- Repeat the feature test, then test nearby URLs and variables to ensure the exception did not become broader than intended.
- Document why the exception exists, who approved it, and which application version depends on it.
Generate whitelist lines from the observed event format or the NAXSI tooling supplied by your package rather than guessing rule identifiers. Keep these lines in a separate include file under version control. When an application change removes the need for an exception, delete it and retest the formerly allowed request.
Switch a location to blocking mode
Move a location out of learning mode only after its normal workflows have been exercised and its events reviewed. Replace the learning include with the blocking include:
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location / {
SecRulesEnabled;
DeniedUrl "/RequestDenied";
include /etc/nginx/naxsi-whitelist.conf;
include /usr/share/naxsi/naxsi_block_mode.conf;
# Your normal application directives
}Do not retain LearningMode; or include the learning-mode file in this location. Apply the change to one lower-risk path first, monitor it, and then extend protection to additional locations. Keep a console session open during the first production reload so you can restore the previous include if a legitimate workflow is denied.
Validate, reload, and monitor
- Check syntax and module loading:
sudo nginx -t. A successful test should report that the syntax is okay and the test is successful. - Reload during the maintenance window:
sudo systemctl reload nginx. A reload applies the new workers without needlessly stopping existing connections. - Exercise health checks and critical user journeys immediately.
- Monitor the error log, application logs, response codes, and latency for denied requests and upstream failures.
- Confirm that the denied endpoint returns the intended response and is not publicly reachable as a normal page.
If nginx -t reports an unknown directive, the module is not loaded, the module ABI does not match, or the directive is in the wrong context. If it reports an include-file error, verify the path installed by your Ubuntu package. If requests unexpectedly return the denied response, temporarily restore learning mode, identify the matching rule from the event, and add a narrow exception rather than disabling NAXSI globally.
Common installation and tuning failures
Module will not load
Compare the module’s NGINX version with nginx -v and confirm that both came from compatible package builds. Reinstall a matching Ubuntu module or rebuild against the exact NGINX source and configure options. Never copy a module from another server solely because both systems run Ubuntu.
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Check that the core rules are included inside http {}, that SecRulesEnabled; appears in the request’s actual location, and that the location is using block mode rather than learning mode. NAXSI is location-scoped, so a request may be handled by a more specific or different location than the one you edited.
Valid requests are denied
Return to learning mode for that location, reproduce the request, inspect its event, and whitelist the precise rule and match zone. Rich search syntax, encoded values, JSON bodies, and upload metadata often require application-specific exceptions. Re-test other paths after every whitelist change.
A configuration change breaks reload
Do not force a reload after a failed nginx -t. Restore the last known-good file, rerun the test, and reload only after it passes. Keep the previous mode include and whitelist file available for immediate rollback.
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Operational practices after deployment
- Revisit learning events after every application release, major framework update, or new endpoint.
- Review whitelist files as security-sensitive code; remove obsolete exceptions.
- Alert on unusual increases in NAXSI denials, but investigate whether a deployment changed request formats first.
- Retest after every NGINX upgrade because dynamic modules must continue to match the running NGINX build.
- Protect logs and limit access to them: NAXSI events can contain URLs, parameter names, and other request details.
- Keep a documented rollback that restores the prior NGINX configuration and mode file.
NAXSI can reduce exposure to common web attack patterns, but it does not replace secure application code, authentication, authorization, TLS, operating-system updates, input validation, backups, or monitoring. The project does not provide a deployment-specific promise of blocked-attack percentage or performance gain; measure those characteristics in your own environment if they matter to your service-level objectives.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I enable NAXSI for only one URL path?
Yes. NAXSI is configured in NGINX locations, so you can protect an API, upload route, or application root independently and assign each location its own mode, thresholds, and whitelist.
Should learning and blocking mode be enabled together?
No. Use one mode per location. Review learning events first, then replace the learning configuration with the blocking configuration after legitimate behavior has been whitelisted.
What should I do when Ubuntu has no compatible NAXSI package?
Build NAXSI as a dynamic module against the exact NGINX version and compatible configure options used by the running binary, then load and test the module before enabling request protection.
Does NAXSI replace an application firewall or secure coding?
No. It is one NGINX-layer control. Continue maintaining the application, operating system, TLS configuration, authentication, authorization, logging, and backups.
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