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Put every access decision in the API, not in the mobile app. A mobile client is distributed to users, so its screens, role flags, identifiers, and embedded values can be inspected or modified. The API must authenticate the caller, authorize the requested action against the specific record, restrict individual fields, and enforce transport, abuse, and lifecycle controls on every relevant request.
What “secure” means for a mobile API
A secure mobile API does more than require a valid login. Authentication answers “Who is calling?” Authorization answers “May this caller perform this action on this object and these fields?” Those decisions belong on the server that owns the data.
Assume that a caller can decompile the app, alter requests, replay tokens, replace an object identifier, skip a screen, or invoke an endpoint that the normal user interface never exposes. A hidden button is not an access control. An identifier that is hard to guess is not an authorization policy. A role value stored in the app is not authoritative.
OWASP’s API Security Top 10 project states: “Object level authorization checks should be considered in every function that accesses a data source using an ID from the user.” Apply that rule to ordinary reads and updates, nested resources, search and export features, batch requests, background jobs, and administrative routes.
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Enforce three authorization levels on every request
Authorization failures occur at different layers. A request can reach the correct endpoint yet still expose the wrong record or the wrong property. Treat object, function, and property authorization as separate checks.
| Level | Question the API must answer | Typical failure | Server-side control |
|---|---|---|---|
| Object | May this caller access this specific record or collection member? | Changing /users/123/orders/8 to another user’s identifier returns that order. |
Compare the authenticated subject, tenant, ownership, sharing relationship, and requested object before reading or mutating it. |
| Function | May this caller invoke this operation at all? | A regular account calls an administrative delete, export, refund, or role-management route. | Require the appropriate role, scope, entitlement, workflow state, and policy for the operation. |
| Property | May this caller read or change each individual field? | A profile response includes a private recovery email, or an update payload changes isAdmin. |
Use explicit response projections and write allowlists for each role and context. |
OWASP lists broken object-level authorization, broken function-level authorization, and broken object-property authorization as distinct API risks. In the 2023 edition, excessive data exposure and mass assignment were combined under broken object-property authorization.
Object authorization: bind identity to the record
Derive the caller identity from a validated credential, then evaluate that identity against the requested record and action. Do not accept a client-supplied user ID, tenant ID, or ownership flag as proof of entitlement. The request may contain an identifier to locate a candidate object, but the policy must decide whether the caller can use it.
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Function authorization: protect operations and workflows
Endpoint names and HTTP verbs do not establish permission. A DELETE route may require an owner or administrator; a POST route may create a low-risk comment or trigger a costly payout. Check role and scope at the operation boundary, and then apply object and field checks inside it.
Review privileged paths separately from normal user paths. Test undocumented routes, alternate HTTP methods, versioned endpoints, GraphQL mutations, and internal-looking routes that are reachable through the public gateway. If an operation has business prerequisites—such as a verified account, an approved state, or a second person’s authorization—enforce those prerequisites on the server.
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Property authorization: make fields intentional
Correct object access is not enough. A caller may be allowed to view an order but not its payment token, internal fraud score, staff notes, or another customer’s contact details. Likewise, a caller may edit a display name but not an account status, owner ID, price, or audit timestamp.
Define response schemas and write schemas explicitly. Prefer a positive allowlist of fields over serializing an entire database object and attempting to remove sensitive values afterward. Apply the same discipline to nested objects, arrays, error details, CSV exports, analytics payloads, and debug responses.
A request-by-request authorization workflow
Use the following sequence for every endpoint that accesses protected data. Keep the authorization decision close to the data operation so a new route cannot accidentally bypass it.
- Terminate the connection safely. Accept requests only through the approved TLS configuration and reject invalid certificates, unsupported protocol versions, or malformed requests according to your platform policy.
- Validate the credential. Verify token integrity, issuer, audience, expiry, and required claims. Resolve the subject to a server-side account and current status. Do not treat a token’s presence as proof of a particular object permission.
- Normalize the request. Parse and validate path parameters, query filters, body fields, pagination, and batch members. Reject ambiguous identifiers, unexpected fields, duplicate parameters, and values outside the endpoint’s limits.
- Identify the operation. Map the route and method to a named business action such as
order.read,order.cancel, oruser.role.change. This makes function-level policy reviewable. - Load the candidate object under policy constraints. Where possible, query by both the object identifier and the caller’s tenant or ownership condition. A query that cannot return unauthorized rows reduces the chance of a later omission.
- Evaluate object and function policy. Check the caller’s relationship to the object, role, scope, account state, and workflow conditions. Deny by default when a policy cannot determine access.
- Apply a property projection. Select only fields permitted for this caller and operation. For writes, reject or ignore fields outside the operation’s allowlist; rejecting unexpected fields is safer when clients might otherwise believe a change succeeded.
- Perform the data operation atomically. Recheck conditions inside the transaction or guarded update so a permission change or ownership transfer cannot create a time-of-check/time-of-use gap.
- Return a deliberately shaped result. Use a stable response schema, avoid sensitive diagnostic detail, and ensure errors do not reveal whether another user’s object exists unless that distinction is intentionally public.
- Record a useful security event. Capture the subject, tenant, operation, object class and identifier in a privacy-conscious form, decision, policy version, correlation ID, and outcome. Keep secrets and unnecessary personal data out of logs.
Illustrative policy placement
subject = authenticate(request.credentials)
input = validate_schema(request)
policy = authorize(subject, action="invoice.read", object_id=input.invoice_id)
if not policy.allowed:
return forbidden()
invoice = repository.get_invoice_for_tenant(
invoice_id=input.invoice_id,
tenant_id=subject.tenant_id
)
if invoice is None:
return not_found_or_forbidden_by_policy()
return project(invoice, fields=policy.allowed_response_fields)The example is intentionally framework-neutral. The important properties are that the subject comes from validated credentials, the action is explicit, tenant or ownership constraints are applied while loading data, and the response is projected after authorization.
Design response and write schemas as security boundaries
Responses: minimize what leaves the service
For each role and endpoint, document the fields that may be returned. Separate public, account-owner, support, and administrator projections rather than relying on one broad serializer. Check nested records individually; authorizing a project does not automatically authorize every project member’s private profile.
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Review alternate representations. The same sensitive value can leak through a detail route, list route, search suggestion, notification, export, error message, cache, or mobile synchronization feed. Apply authorization before caching and include the relevant tenant and subject context in cache keys.
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Writes: prevent mass assignment
Bind request bodies to command-specific input types. For example, an ordinary profile update might permit display_name and avatar_id, while a separate administrator workflow handles status or roles. Never copy every JSON property into a model object.
Reject immutable identifiers, ownership fields, price fields, audit timestamps, permission flags, and server-managed state when they appear in an unprivileged command. Validate both type and business constraints; a field that is permitted in principle may still be invalid for the caller’s current state.
Use OAuth guidance suited to native mobile clients
RFC 9700, the IETF’s OAuth 2.0 Security Best Current Practice published in January 2025, updates threat guidance and deprecates modes it considers less secure or insecure. Select a flow appropriate for a native public client and apply the document’s protections at the authorization server and resource server.
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RFC 9700 identifies RFC 8252 as the native-app document relevant to its narrow loopback redirect exception. Follow the redirect and platform-handling requirements for the native-app flow you select, and register redirect URIs exactly. Do not broaden a redirect pattern to accept attacker-controlled destinations.
Protect transport and authorization responses
RFC 9700 recommends end-to-end TLS between the client and resource server. Encrypt traffic from the mobile app through any gateway or intermediary to the service that processes the request, and configure certificate validation correctly on the client. A proxy that terminates TLS does not remove the need to protect the next hop.
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The same RFC states: “Authorization responses MUST NOT be transmitted over unencrypted network connections.” Authorization servers must not allow http redirect URIs, except for native clients using loopback redirection as described in RFC 8252. Review reverse-proxy and load-balancer settings so an external HTTPS request is not accidentally downgraded internally.
Protect tokens in transit and at rest on the device using the platform’s supported secure storage and lifecycle controls. Keep access tokens short-lived where practical, rotate refresh tokens according to the authorization-server policy, revoke sessions after account recovery or suspected compromise, and avoid placing credentials in URLs, analytics events, crash reports, or ordinary logs.
Limit abuse, not just unauthorized reads
An authenticated user can still abuse an authorized endpoint. OWASP’s 2023 API risks distinguish unrestricted resource consumption from unrestricted access to sensitive business flows. Design controls around the cost and consequence of each operation rather than applying one global rate limit.
| Operation type | Controls to consider | Why a generic limit is insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| Authentication and recovery | Per-account, device, IP, and network limits; progressive delays; anomaly detection; anti-automation challenges where appropriate. | Attackers can distribute attempts across accounts or addresses. |
| SMS, email, and paid third-party calls | Per-destination quotas, deduplication, spending ceilings, cooldowns, and approval for unusual volume. | Each request can create an external cost even when technically valid. |
| Search, reporting, and exports | Pagination caps, bounded filters, asynchronous jobs, per-tenant quotas, and export authorization. | Large responses consume memory, database time, and bandwidth. |
| Account creation and invitations | Velocity limits, domain or organization policy, verification, and duplicate suppression. | Automation can create spam, fraudulent identities, or resource exhaustion. |
| Purchases, refunds, and other sensitive flows | Idempotency keys, state-machine checks, step-up authentication, transaction limits, and manual review signals. | Rate limiting alone cannot prevent a small number of high-impact actions. |
Rate limits should produce predictable responses, expose retry information where safe, and be monitored by subject, tenant, endpoint, and outcome. Enforce limits close to the resource being protected, not only at a mobile-facing gateway that may miss internal callers.
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Maintain an API inventory
Record every public and internal endpoint, HTTP method, authentication requirement, data classification, owner, version, environment, and deprecation date. Include GraphQL operations, webhook receivers, background endpoints, mobile synchronization routes, and old versions still used by installed apps.
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Review security configuration
Use separate configuration for development, staging, and production, with secure defaults and controlled change review. Check authentication middleware coverage, CORS policy where applicable, debug settings, error verbosity, object storage permissions, cache behavior, and gateway routing. Verify that a newly added route cannot bypass the standard authentication and authorization pipeline.
Validate data from other APIs
OWASP lists unsafe consumption of APIs as a separate risk. Treat data received from an integrated service as untrusted input: validate its schema, size, encoding, signatures, and allowed values before storing or acting on it. Apply authorization to the resulting local operation; a partner’s assertion that a user may access something does not replace your own tenant and object checks unless that trust relationship is explicitly designed and verified.
Test authorization with adversarial identities and objects
Unit tests should exercise policy decisions without a network, while integration tests must prove that routes, queries, serializers, and transactions enforce those decisions together. Build a matrix of callers, objects, actions, and fields.
- Use two ordinary accounts in the same tenant and attempt cross-account reads, updates, deletes, and exports.
- Use accounts in different tenants and test every path that accepts an object, tenant, project, or parent identifier.
- Test unauthenticated, expired, revoked, malformed, wrong-audience, and insufficient-scope credentials.
- Attempt privileged functions with a valid low-privilege token, including alternate methods and versioned routes.
- Send extra JSON properties, nested properties, duplicate keys, nulls, and server-managed fields to write endpoints.
- Compare list, detail, search, autocomplete, notification, export, and error responses for unintended fields.
- Test batch requests so one authorized item cannot cause unauthorized items to be processed.
- Exercise race conditions around ownership changes, role removal, deletion, and concurrent updates.
- Verify limits on expensive operations and confirm that failures do not reveal sensitive object existence.
Run these tests in continuous integration and repeat them against deployed environments. Review authorization changes as security-sensitive code, with a requirement that each new identifier-bearing function names its object and function checks.
Monitor decisions and respond to failures
Authorization logs should support investigation without becoming a new data leak. Record a correlation ID, timestamp, authenticated subject or privacy-preserving reference, tenant, action, resource type, policy result, and reason category. Do not log access tokens, passwords, full payment data, or unrestricted request bodies.
Alert on patterns such as repeated cross-tenant denials, rapid identifier enumeration, unusual export volume, privilege changes followed by bulk reads, token use from unexpected locations, and spikes in sensitive business operations. Preserve enough context to revoke sessions, block abusive clients, repair exposed data, and notify affected parties according to your incident process.
Common implementation mistakes and fixes
| Mistake | Why it fails | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Checking ownership only in the mobile UI | An altered client can call the endpoint directly. | Evaluate caller-to-object permission in the API before every data operation. |
| Using an opaque or random ID as authorization | IDs can leak through logs, links, backups, referrals, or enumeration. | Use IDs for lookup, never entitlement; enforce policy independently. |
| Returning the full database model | New columns can become accidental data disclosures. | Use versioned, role-aware response projections. |
| Binding arbitrary JSON to a model | Attackers can set privileged or server-managed properties. | Use command-specific write allowlists and reject unknown fields. |
| One role check for every route | Role alone cannot express ownership, tenant, object state, or field rules. | Combine function, object, and property policies. |
| Trusting a mobile-app secret | Distributed binaries can be inspected and modified. | Use native public-client OAuth guidance and keep sensitive trust decisions server-side. |
| Applying only a global rate limit | High-impact flows and expensive resources have different abuse profiles. | Set endpoint- and tenant-specific controls tied to cost and business impact. |
| Leaving old API versions online | Legacy routes may lack newer authorization and schema protections. | Inventory, monitor, migrate, and retire obsolete versions. |
Implementation checklist
- Every identifier-bearing function has an explicit object-level authorization check.
- Every operation has a function-level policy for roles, scopes, entitlements, and workflow state.
- Responses use intentional field projections, including nested, list, export, and error data.
- Write commands reject or safely ignore fields the caller cannot change.
- Tenant and ownership constraints are enforced in data access and transaction logic.
- Native mobile OAuth follows RFC 9700 (January 2025) and the applicable native-app guidance.
- TLS protects the complete path, and authorization responses never use unencrypted connections.
- Endpoint-specific limits protect authentication, costly integrations, exports, and sensitive business flows.
- The endpoint and version inventory has owners, data classifications, and retirement dates.
- Integrated API responses are validated before they influence local data or permissions.
- Automated tests cover cross-user, cross-tenant, low-privilege, field-level, batch, and race-condition cases.
- Security logs and alerts can reveal enumeration, denial spikes, privilege abuse, and unusual exports without storing secrets.
OWASP API Security Top 10 (2023) and RFC 9700 (January 2025) provide the baseline terminology and protocol guidance; review the current editions when maintaining your controls because API threats and standards continue to change.
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