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Do not simply install a patch on an exposed Ivanti Connect Secure gateway and put it back online. Treat the appliance as potentially compromised: disconnect it, preserve evidence and configuration, investigate connected systems, factory-reset the hardware or deploy a clean virtual appliance, install the currently supported release for that exact platform, rotate every trust credential, run the latest integrity checks, and restore service only after review.
This sequence follows the containment-and-rebuild approach required by CISA for affected Ivanti appliances and Ivanti’s own recovery guidance. Historical build numbers are not a safe target: the 2024 vulnerabilities were followed by the CVE-2025-0282 incident, and Ivanti reported exploitation of a limited number of Connect Secure appliances in January 2025.
Why patching alone is not a safe recovery
A VPN gateway sits between untrusted networks, remote users, identity services and internal applications. If an attacker obtained access during a zero-day window, the appliance may contain altered web resources, accounts, scripts, certificates, API tokens or configuration objects that a normal software upgrade leaves in place. A successful patch proves that the software version changed; it does not prove that the old installation or the systems it touched are clean.
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Ivanti’s February 14, 2024 security FAQ summarizes the recovery order as: “Take the solution out of production and look for signs that the threat actor took additional action,” then “Factory reset, upgrade and patch.” CISA’s supplemental direction likewise required agencies to disconnect affected instances, hunt on connected systems, rebuild, rotate credentials and validate the result with current integrity checks.
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No authoritative source establishes a universal rebuild time or a reliable worldwide count of compromised appliances. Duration depends on the appliance form, evidence collected, authentication integrations, configuration complexity and the organization’s incident-response process.
The safe recovery sequence at a glance
| Stage | What to do | Release condition |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Contain | Remove the gateway from production, restrict management and identity connectivity, preserve logs and begin threat hunting. | The appliance cannot provide normal remote access while investigation starts. |
| 2. Preserve | Export configuration and collect forensic evidence, but treat the export as untrusted data. | Required settings and evidence are recorded before destructive work. |
| 3. Rebuild | Factory-reset a hardware appliance or deploy a clean virtual build when compromise is possible. | A known-clean installation exists outside the old software state. |
| 4. Patch | Install the supported release for the exact hardware or virtual platform using Ivanti’s authenticated portal and release notes. | The target release and upgrade path are confirmed for that platform. |
| 5. Rotate trust | Reset appliance, local-user, service-account and API credentials; revoke and reissue exposed certificates and keys. | Secrets that may have been read or altered on the old appliance are no longer valid. |
| 6. Validate | Run the latest internal and external Integrity Checker Tool (ICT), then continue network, endpoint and identity hunting. | Current checks and investigations show no unresolved indication of compromise. |
| 7. Restore | Reimport only reviewed settings, test authentication and routing, then return service with heightened monitoring. | Operations, evidence and monitoring owners approve the cutover. |
1. Declare the incident and isolate the gateway
Remove production access
Disconnect the affected Connect Secure instance from production access paths. Do not use it as the normal remote-access gateway while you investigate. If a redundant node exists, do not assume the peer is clean; apply the same containment decision to every instance that shared credentials, management access or configuration.
Restrict connected trust relationships
Limit the appliance’s management connections and its reach to authentication servers, directory services, certificate authorities, cloud identity, logging systems and internal networks. Isolate connected systems from enterprise resources as far as practical without destroying evidence. CISA specifically directed agencies to continue threat hunting on systems connected to the appliance and to audit privileged access.
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Follow your incident-response process for collecting logs, memory or disk evidence, network records, administrator activity and relevant identity-provider events. Record who performed each action and the time in UTC. Avoid ad-hoc cleanup that could overwrite evidence or make later scoping impossible.
- Capture appliance and perimeter logs before retention windows expire.
- Identify administrator logins, configuration changes, new accounts, unusual outbound connections and unexpected web resources.
- Search endpoint, identity and network telemetry for activity originating from or passing through the gateway.
- Audit privileged accounts and emergency access paths that could have been exposed through the appliance.
2. Preserve configuration without trusting it
Export the appliance configuration before a reset or replacement so that required settings can be reviewed and, where safe, reused. An export is a collection of data, not an integrity attestation. If an attacker changed an object, script, role or endpoint, that change can be carried into the rebuilt system unless a person validates it.
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Inventory before rebuilding
Use the export and your change records to create a review inventory. Mark each item as required, unnecessary, unknown or compromised until proven otherwise.
- Authentication servers, directory groups and multifactor integrations.
- Local users, administrator roles and service accounts.
- API integrations, automation keys and management endpoints.
- Certificates, private keys, trust stores and signing relationships.
- Routes, access policies, realms, bookmarks and split-tunnel rules.
- Logging, monitoring, syslog and security-tool destinations.
- Custom web resources, scripts, uploaded files and administrative objects.
Keep the original export in protected evidence storage. Create a separate, reviewed copy for restoration. Hash or otherwise integrity-protect both the evidence and the installation media according to your organization’s procedures.
3. Choose a hardware reset or clean virtual redeployment
| Situation | Preferred action | Important limitation |
|---|---|---|
| Physical Connect Secure appliance with possible compromise | Perform the vendor-directed factory reset, then upgrade and patch. | A reset removes the old software state but does not by itself rotate secrets or clean connected systems. |
| Virtual appliance with possible compromise | Deploy a new clean virtual build when Ivanti’s guidance calls for a rebuild. | Do not clone or reuse a suspected virtual disk as the “clean” source. |
| No evidence of compromise, but exposure to a zero-day cannot be ruled out | Use the same rebuild-and-rotate path unless your incident commander documents a defensible lower-risk decision. | A clean scan from an earlier tool version is not conclusive. |
| Unsupported or unclear platform | Pause restoration and obtain the supported target and migration path from Ivanti’s authenticated portal. | Do not select a historical build number from an old runbook. |
Ivanti’s recovery FAQ directs customers to take the solution out of production, look for additional threat-actor action, factory-reset or deploy a new build, upgrade and patch, and only then return the solution to production. The correct choice depends on appliance form, support status, available evidence and whether the organization can build a known-good virtual environment.
4. Install the supported release for the exact platform
Use Ivanti’s authenticated download portal and the release notes that match the appliance model, hardware or virtual form, and supported upgrade path. Confirm prerequisites, intermediate versions, rollback requirements, licensing and maintenance windows before loading software.
Do not copy a 2024 version number into a current runbook. Ivanti’s later documentation records fixes for CVE-2025-0282 and CVE-2025-0283 in the 22.7R2 stream, while Ivanti’s January 2025 security update said CVE-2025-0282 had been exploited in a limited number of Connect Secure appliances and that a fix was available. Those facts make the current portal and platform-specific release notes the authority for the target build, not a static article or an old screenshot.
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Build-source checks
- Download only from the authenticated vendor portal used by your organization.
- Verify the image or package against the vendor’s published integrity information when provided.
- Record the exact release, platform type, file name, checksum and download time in the change record.
- Use a clean management workstation and restrict administrative access during installation.
- Document any required intermediate upgrade; do not skip a supported-path prerequisite.
5. Remove temporary mitigations only when directed
Some incident responses used an XML mitigation or another temporary control before a permanent fix was available. Do not delete mitigation files merely because the new software installed successfully. Follow Ivanti’s current knowledge-base instructions for removing a mitigation after the supported patch is applied, and record the change. CISA’s direction specifically told administrators to review Ivanti’s instructions before removing mitigation files.
6. Reimport selectively and test the rebuilt gateway
After the clean build is patched, reimport the reviewed configuration rather than blindly restoring the entire export. Treat every object that was not independently validated as suspect.
Configuration review gates
- Restore only the authentication, authorization, routing, policy and logging settings that have an identified business owner.
- Exclude unknown scripts, web resources, uploaded files and administrative objects until incident responders clear them.
- Recreate integrations with newly issued credentials instead of restoring old secrets.
- Verify certificate chains, private-key ownership, expiration dates and trust-store contents.
- Confirm that management interfaces are restricted to approved networks and administrators.
- Test user authentication, multifactor challenges, authorization groups, DNS, routing, split tunneling and logging in a controlled window.
Keep the old export and the reviewed import separate so investigators can compare them. Record each omitted or changed object and the person who approved it.
7. Rotate every credential and trust relationship
Assume secrets accessible to a compromised appliance may have been exposed. Reset the admin enable password, every local-user password, stored API key and service-account password used by authentication-server configurations. Revoke and reissue certificates and private keys that were present on, generated by or trusted by the old appliance when exposure is possible.
Account and token actions
- Reset appliance administrative credentials, including emergency and break-glass accounts.
- Reset local users and service accounts used for directory, RADIUS, LDAP, SAML, API, logging or automation functions.
- Invalidate old API keys and create replacements with least privilege and an owner.
- Revoke active sessions and tokens associated with the old gateway where the identity platform supports it.
- Review privileged group membership and remove accounts that no longer require access.
Connected domain and cloud identities
When the appliance was affected, treat associated domain accounts as potentially compromised. CISA’s federal direction required password resets, Kerberos-ticket revocation, cloud-token revocation and disabling cloud-joined or registered devices in the affected environment. Apply the portions relevant to your identity architecture, coordinating with directory and cloud-identity owners so that revocation does not strand emergency responders.
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Reissue exposed server, client, signing and trust certificates through the appropriate authority. Update every dependent system, remove superseded private keys from the rebuilt appliance, and monitor for authentication failures caused by stale trust. Record serial numbers, revocation status and deployment time.
8. Run current integrity checks and continue threat hunting
Run Ivanti’s latest internal and external Integrity Checker Tool (ICT) after the rebuild and patch. Use the versions and procedures currently published by Ivanti, not a copy retained from the original incident window.
Earlier scans are not proof of a clean appliance. CISA and allied agencies warned that threat actors could deceive prior ICT results. A successful historical scan therefore cannot substitute for a current check performed after rebuilding, patching and rotating trust material.
Validate beyond the appliance
- Compare current appliance behavior and configuration with the approved baseline.
- Search identity logs for impossible travel, unusual privilege use, ticket anomalies, token reuse and unexpected device registrations.
- Review endpoint telemetry for tools, persistence or credentials associated with the gateway’s administrators and service accounts.
- Inspect outbound traffic from connected networks for destinations or protocols not explained by the VPN design.
- Continue monitoring authentication, administrative changes, local-account creation and certificate use during and after restoration.
Ivanti advises customers that completed a successful factory reset or clean virtual build and patched the appliance to continue updated ICT checks and continuous monitoring. Treat that as an ongoing control, not a one-time sign-off.
9. Restore service with heightened monitoring
Return the gateway to production only after the rebuild, supported patch, configuration review, credential rotation and current ICT checks are complete. Have the incident commander, identity owner, network owner and service owner approve the cutover criteria.
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Cutover checklist
- The appliance is a factory-reset or newly deployed clean build.
- The installed release is supported for the exact platform and documented in the change record.
- Temporary mitigations were removed only according to current Ivanti instructions.
- Reviewed configuration was restored and unknown objects were excluded.
- Credentials, API keys, certificates, tokens and relevant domain trust material were rotated or revoked.
- Current internal and external ICT results are recorded.
- Authentication, authorization, routing, logging and alerting tests passed.
- Threat-hunting queries and escalation contacts are active for the restoration window.
What to watch after cutover
Monitor authentication anomalies, unexpected administrative changes, newly created local accounts, unusual outbound connections and activity in identity systems connected to the VPN. Keep the original evidence, reset records, build media details, checksums, ICT versions and restoration time available for investigators and auditors.
Common mistakes and safer alternatives
| Mistake | Why it fails | Safer alternative |
|---|---|---|
| Patch in place and immediately reopen access | Persistence, altered configuration and stolen credentials may survive the upgrade. | Contain, preserve, rebuild, rotate trust and validate before restoration. |
| Restore the entire configuration export unchanged | Malicious or unknown objects can be reintroduced. | Review and reimport only settings with a documented owner and purpose. |
| Trust an old ICT result | Earlier tools or techniques may not detect or may be deceived by later activity. | Run the latest internal and external ICT after rebuilding and patching. |
| Reset only the appliance administrator password | API keys, service accounts, certificates and domain credentials may remain exposed. | Rotate the complete set of appliance and connected trust material. |
| Reuse a suspected virtual disk or snapshot | Compromise can be embedded in the image being reused. | Deploy a new clean virtual build from trusted media. |
| Delete a mitigation without checking instructions | The mitigation may be required until a specific supported fix is active. | Remove it only under current Ivanti guidance. |
| Choose a target version from a 2024 document | Support status and fixes change, as shown by the later CVE-2025-0282 incident. | Use the authenticated portal and release notes for the exact platform today. |
Hardware reset versus clean virtual build: a decision framework
Neither option is universally faster or safer. A hardware reset follows the vendor-directed process for the physical appliance. A clean virtual redeployment can provide a new software and storage baseline, but only if the hypervisor, image source, management workstation and surrounding identity systems are also trusted.
- Choose a hardware reset when the physical appliance is supported, evidence collection is complete and the vendor’s reset procedure is available.
- Choose a new virtual build when the deployment is virtual, a trusted image and isolated build environment are available, or the existing virtual disk cannot be trusted.
- Extend monitoring before restoration when threat hunting is incomplete, identity resets are still propagating, or ICT results require investigation.
- Plan migration to another currently supported platform when the appliance is out of support or the required release path is unavailable; document the migration as an incident-recovery decision rather than assuming an old build remains acceptable.
What “clean” means in practice
A rebuilt VPN is not “clean” merely because it boots, accepts users or passes one scanner. A defensible conclusion combines a known-good build source, a reset or fresh deployment, reviewed configuration, rotated trust material, current ICT results and corroborating evidence from identity, endpoint and network monitoring. The conclusion should also state what remains unknown and which hunts are still running.
Document the exact appliance form, release and platform, reset or deployment method, media source and checksum, configuration objects restored, credentials and certificates rotated, ICT versions and results, test cases, approvers and restoration time. This record lets responders distinguish a verified control from an assumption and gives the next incident team a usable starting point.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do I need to factory-reset an Ivanti Connect Secure appliance after a zero-day?
If compromise is possible, the safe recovery pattern is to remove the appliance from production, investigate connected systems, factory-reset the hardware or deploy a clean virtual build, then upgrade, patch and rotate trust material. A patch alone does not establish that the old installation is clean.
Can I reuse my exported configuration?
Yes, but only after review. Export it before the reset for reference, treat it as untrusted data, and reimport only identified settings. Recreate integrations with newly issued credentials and exclude unknown scripts, web resources and administrative objects.
How do I know the rebuilt VPN is clean?
Use several controls together: trusted installation media, a factory reset or new virtual deployment, selective configuration restoration, credential and certificate rotation, the latest internal and external ICT, and continuing identity, endpoint, network and gateway threat hunting. No single historical scan is conclusive.
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Use Ivanti’s authenticated portal and current release notes for the exact model and hardware or virtual platform. Do not select a target from an old 2024 runbook; Ivanti’s later documentation includes CVE-2025-0282 and CVE-2025-0283 fixes in the 22.7R2 stream, and support paths can change.
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