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Run WooCommerce as two persistent services: a WordPress container and a private MySQL or MariaDB container on the same Docker Compose network. Put the web service behind HTTPS, store WordPress files and the database on named volumes, keep production settings in an override file, and back up both wp-content and the database. The steps below turn that design into a maintainable VPS deployment.

What the deployment looks like

A Docker Compose WooCommerce installation is not a single container. WordPress supplies the application and web server, while MySQL or MariaDB stores products, orders, customers, settings, posts, and pages. Compose creates a private network so WordPress can reach the database by its service name, normally db, without exposing the database to the internet.

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Persistent volumes are essential. The WordPress volume holds the application files, themes, plugins, uploaded media, and especially wp-content. The database volume holds WooCommerce data that does not exist in a WordPress XML export. If either volume is discarded, the site is not recoverable from the running containers alone.

The official Docker WordPress example uses this two-service pattern and starts it with docker compose up -d. A VPS adds production responsibilities: firewall rules, TLS, secrets, update discipline, monitoring, and tested restores.

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Check requirements before creating containers

WooCommerce’s current published requirements (2026) are the minimum compatibility target for this deployment:

  • WordPress 6.9 or newer.
  • PHP 8.3 or newer.
  • MySQL 8.0 or newer, or MariaDB 10.6 or newer.
  • HTTPS for the complete store.
  • A WordPress memory limit of at least 256 MB.
  • Apache or Nginx is recommended as the web server.

These are software requirements, not a universal VPS size. The authoritative material does not publish a CPU, RAM, storage, traffic, or monthly-cost recommendation that applies to every store. Select resources according to catalog size, checkout traffic, scheduled jobs, image processing, and other workloads, then monitor CPU, memory, disk space, database health, and response times. Increase resources before the host begins swapping or running out of disk.

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Prepare the host

  1. Choose a supported Linux VPS and install Docker Engine plus the Docker Compose plugin from the distribution or Docker’s supported installation method.
  2. Create a non-root deployment account and grant it the Docker permissions it needs. Use root only for host administration.
  3. Create a project directory such as /srv/woocommerce, owned by the deployment account.
  4. Point a DNS A and, where applicable, AAAA record for the store hostname at the VPS address. Wait for the record to resolve before requesting a certificate.
  5. Allow only SSH and web traffic through the host firewall. Do not open TCP 3306 to the public internet.
  6. Check the PHP version included by the WordPress image, and check the database image against the WooCommerce requirements before the first production deployment.

Create the Compose application and database

Use a base file that describes the application consistently across development and production. Pin image tags after validating them in staging instead of relying on an unexamined latest tag. The following example uses the Apache-based WordPress image and MySQL 8.0; substitute a compatible MariaDB 10.6-or-newer image if that better fits your operations.

services:
  db:
    image: mysql:8.0
    environment:
      MYSQL_DATABASE: woocommerce
      MYSQL_USER: wcuser
      MYSQL_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/db_password
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/db_root_password
    secrets:
      - db_password
      - db_root_password
    volumes:
      - db_data:/var/lib/mysql
    networks:
      - backend
    healthcheck:
      test: ['CMD-SHELL', 'mysqladmin ping -h localhost -u root -p"$$(cat /run/secrets/db_root_password)"']
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 12

  wordpress:
    image: wordpress:6.9-apache
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    environment:
      WORDPRESS_DB_HOST: db:3306
      WORDPRESS_DB_NAME: woocommerce
      WORDPRESS_DB_USER: wcuser
      WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/db_password
      WORDPRESS_CONFIG_EXTRA: |
        define('WP_MEMORY_LIMIT', '256M');
    secrets:
      - db_password
    volumes:
      - wp_data:/var/www/html
    expose:
      - '80'
    networks:
      - backend

volumes:
  wp_data:
  db_data:

networks:
  backend:
    driver: bridge

secrets:
  db_password:
    file: ./secrets/db_password.txt
  db_root_password:
    file: ./secrets/db_root_password.txt

Save this as compose.yaml. The db service has no ports declaration, so MySQL is reachable only from the Compose network. WordPress exposes port 80 to another container or a host-side proxy, but does not yet bind a public host port.

Create the secret files

  1. From the project directory, run mkdir -p secrets && chmod 700 secrets.
  2. Generate two long, unrelated passwords and place one in secrets/db_password.txt and the other in secrets/db_root_password.txt.
  3. Run chmod 600 secrets/*.txt and ensure the files are excluded from version control.
  4. Keep an encrypted copy of the credentials in your password-management system. Losing the database password can prevent administration even when the data volume is intact.

The official WordPress image documents _FILE environment-variable variants, allowing Compose to read credentials from mounted secret files instead of putting plaintext passwords in the YAML file. If your chosen image or Compose implementation does not support a particular _FILE variable, verify that behavior before deployment and use an equivalent protected secret mechanism.

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Why the volumes and network matter

  • wp_data: keeps WordPress core files, themes, plugins, uploads, and configuration when the container is recreated.
  • db_data: keeps MySQL’s data directory when the database container is replaced.
  • backend: provides private service-to-service connectivity. WordPress connects to db:3306, not to a public IP address.
  • Health check: prevents WordPress initialization from racing the first database startup. A first database initialization can take longer than later restarts.

Separate production settings with an override file

Keep development defaults and production policy separate. Docker documents layering a base file with a production file and starting the merged configuration with:

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docker compose -f compose.yaml -f compose.production.yaml up -d

Create compose.production.yaml like this:

services:
  db:
    restart: unless-stopped
    logging:
      options:
        max-size: 10m
        max-file: '5'

  wordpress:
    restart: unless-stopped
    ports:
      - '127.0.0.1:8080:80'
    logging:
      options:
        max-size: 10m
        max-file: '5'

This binds WordPress only to the VPS loopback address. A host-level Nginx, Apache, Caddy, Traefik, or another supported reverse proxy can then forward requests to 127.0.0.1:8080 while owning ports 80 and 443. Do not add a public database binding to either file.

Use the override for production-only restart behavior, host bindings, logging limits, and any proxy or monitoring service. Review the merged result before starting it:

docker compose -f compose.yaml -f compose.production.yaml config

Record the exact WordPress, PHP, and database tags you approve. The official image guidance recommends rebuilding and redeploying regularly for security updates; schedule update reviews rather than silently following a moving tag.

Start WordPress and install WooCommerce

  1. From the project directory, start the stack with docker compose -f compose.yaml -f compose.production.yaml up -d.
  2. Check startup state with docker compose ps and inspect messages with docker compose logs -f wordpress db. Initial database and WordPress setup can take a couple of minutes.
  3. Open the hostname through the reverse proxy once DNS and TLS are configured, or temporarily use the loopback proxy path from the VPS for an isolated check.
  4. Complete the WordPress installer. Use the final site hostname rather than a temporary IP wherever possible.
  5. In WordPress administration, install and activate WooCommerce, complete store and tax settings, configure permalinks, and create a test product.
  6. After HTTPS is active, set both WordPress Address (URL) and Site Address (URL) to the final https:// address. Clear caches after changing them.
  7. Keep payment credentials in the payment gateway’s secure configuration. Do not commit API keys or webhook secrets to Compose files.

Before accepting an order, test product display, cart behavior, account creation, checkout, order email, refunds, scheduled actions, webhooks, and the payment provider’s callback path.

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Put the store behind HTTPS

Terminate TLS at Nginx, Apache, Caddy, Traefik, or another maintained reverse proxy. WooCommerce recommends running the entire store over HTTPS because checkout, account, and payment endpoints carry sensitive information, and most payment gateways require SSL.

Configure the proxy boundary

  • Forward requests for the store hostname to 127.0.0.1:8080 (or to the WordPress service on the same Docker network when the proxy is also containerized).
  • Redirect every HTTP request to HTTPS.
  • Pass the original Host header and the client IP headers used by your proxy.
  • Pass the original protocol so WordPress can distinguish HTTPS from an internal HTTP hop.
  • Renew certificates automatically and monitor renewal failures.

Make WordPress recognize forwarded HTTPS

When TLS ends at the proxy, the connection from the proxy to Apache may still be HTTP. Add the following logic to wp-config.php before WordPress loads, or inject the equivalent through your controlled configuration mechanism:

if ( isset( $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'] ) && 'https' == $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'] ) {
    $_SERVER['HTTPS'] = 'on';
}

After enabling the certificate, verify that WordPress Address and Site Address both use https://, then clear page and object caches. Test administrator login, cart, checkout, account pages, image URLs, REST requests, webhooks, and payment callbacks. A missing forwarded-protocol setting commonly causes redirect loops, mixed-content warnings, or payment callbacks that appear to arrive over HTTP.

Apache image or PHP-FPM image?

Choice What you operate Important boundary
Apache-based WordPress image WordPress and Apache in one application container; a proxy can forward ordinary HTTP. Simpler initial topology and fewer moving parts.
PHP-FPM WordPress image WordPress PHP workers plus a separate Nginx or Apache reverse proxy speaking FastCGI. The official image documentation warns that FPM is not safe to expose directly; provide a correctly configured FastCGI proxy.

Choose based on operational ownership, observability, configuration familiarity, and update process rather than an assumed universal performance advantage.

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Back up files and the database

A running container is not a backup. WooCommerce stores content in two places: the wp-content directory (themes, extensions, and uploaded media) and the database (products, orders, posts, pages, settings, and other tables). A WordPress XML export does not capture the complete WooCommerce store.

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Export the database

Run a logical dump from the database service and write it outside the container:

mkdir -p backups
docker compose exec -T db sh -c 'exec mysqldump -u"$MYSQL_USER" -p"$MYSQL_PASSWORD" "$MYSQL_DATABASE"' > backups/db-$(date +%F-%H%M).sql

Restrict the backup directory permissions and encrypt copies before sending them off the VPS. If your image exposes only the secret-file variables, run the dump with the credentials read from the corresponding secret files or use a dedicated backup account with the minimum required privileges.

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Archive WordPress files

Identify the actual volume name with docker volume ls, then archive at least wp-content to a host directory:

mkdir -p backups
docker run --rm 
  -v yourproject_wp_data:/data:ro 
  -v "$PWD/backups":/backup 
  alpine tar czf /backup/wp-content-$(date +%F-%H%M).tgz -C /data wp-content

Replace yourproject_wp_data with the volume name shown on your VPS. A full volume archive can also be useful for disaster recovery, but a database dump remains valuable because it can be inspected and restored independently.

Retention and restore testing

  • Automate database dumps and off-host file copies; do not rely on a manual reminder.
  • Keep multiple restore points, including a recent point and older points that predate accidental deletion.
  • Store at least one encrypted copy away from the VPS so a host failure or ransomware event does not destroy every copy.
  • Perform a restore drill in a separate Compose project. Confirm that products, orders, media, login, checkout, scheduled actions, and payment callbacks work.

WooCommerce documentation names Jetpack VaultPress Backup as an automated option with scheduled backups, activity logs, and one-click restores. Check its current service availability and terms before adopting it; whichever method you choose, verify that both database and file restoration are covered.

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Restore safely

  1. Provision a separate project or maintenance window and record the target image tags.
  2. Stop or isolate WordPress while restoring so requests cannot write new data during the operation.
  3. Restore the file archive into the WordPress volume, preserving ownership and permissions.
  4. Import the SQL dump, for example with cat backups/db-2026-10-14-1200.sql | docker compose exec -T db sh -c 'mysql -u"$MYSQL_USER" -p"$MYSQL_PASSWORD" "$MYSQL_DATABASE"'.
  5. Start WordPress, clear caches, and test the storefront and administration before directing DNS or the proxy to the restored instance.
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Operate, update, and roll back the stack

Useful Compose commands

  • docker compose ps shows service state and published ports.
  • docker compose logs -f wordpress follows application logs; replace the service name to inspect the database.
  • docker compose top helps identify processes inside a service.
  • docker compose config renders the merged configuration, useful for checking ports, secrets, and environment values.

For a targeted redeploy, Docker documents rebuilding a service and recreating it with commands such as:

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docker compose build web
docker compose up --no-deps -d web

Use your actual service name, such as wordpress, instead of web. Rebuilding one service without its dependency can reduce disruption, but only when the changed image is compatible with the running database and other services.

Safe update procedure

  1. Take a fresh database dump and file backup.
  2. Record the current image tags, Compose files, secret locations, and proxy configuration.
  3. Pull and test the new WordPress, PHP, database, plugin, or theme versions in staging.
  4. Schedule a maintenance window and communicate possible checkout interruption.
  5. Deploy the approved tags and watch logs, health checks, disk usage, and memory.
  6. Verify login, catalog search, cart, checkout, email, scheduled actions, webhooks, payment callbacks, and refunds.
  7. Keep the prior image tags and the tested database restore procedure available until the new release is accepted.

Never use docker compose down --volumes as a routine restart. The official WordPress example states that docker compose down stops and removes containers while preserving the database volume, whereas docker compose down --volumes removes that volume. Use the latter only when intentionally destroying the environment and after verifying that a restore is available.

Choose the implementation pattern deliberately

Decision Option A Option B How to decide
Web container Apache-based WordPress image PHP-FPM WordPress image plus Nginx or Apache Prefer the simpler Apache path when you want fewer services; choose FPM when your team already operates FastCGI and needs that separation.
Database MySQL 8.0 or newer MariaDB 10.6 or newer Use the engine your plugins and maintenance tooling support, and test upgrades against the exact version.
TLS location Dedicated host or containerized reverse proxy TLS directly in the web container A dedicated proxy centralizes certificates, redirects, headers, and multiple services; direct termination can be simpler for a single host but leaves more responsibilities in the application container.
Compose layout One file for every environment Base file plus production override The layered approach keeps production ports, restart policy, logging, and host bindings explicit without changing development defaults.
Backups Self-managed dumps and volume copies WooCommerce-aware managed backup service Self-management offers control but requires scheduling and restore drills; a managed service can provide automation and activity history, subject to its current terms and coverage.
Hosting responsibility Self-managed VPS WooCommerce hosting partner or agency A VPS gives control over Docker and the operating system; a partner may be preferable when you cannot own patching, monitoring, backups, or incident response.

Compare operational ownership, security boundaries, observability, update process, and recovery time. No published source establishes a universal throughput or cost advantage for one pattern.

Troubleshoot common failures

WordPress cannot connect to MySQL

  • Confirm both services are on the same Compose network.
  • Use db:3306 as the host, not localhost or the VPS address.
  • Check that database name, username, and password files match on both services.
  • Inspect docker compose logs db for failed initialization or an existing volume created with different credentials.
  • Wait for the health check during first startup; a healthy database may take a couple of minutes to initialize.

Redirect loops or mixed content appear after enabling TLS

  • Verify the proxy sends the original protocol header.
  • Add the forwarded-protocol handling in wp-config.php.
  • Set both WordPress URLs to the HTTPS hostname and clear caches.
  • Check that the proxy is not alternately redirecting between an internal HTTP address and the public HTTPS address.

Checkout or payment callbacks fail

  • Confirm the entire checkout and account paths are reachable over HTTPS.
  • Check webhook and callback URLs for the final hostname and scheme.
  • Review proxy timeouts, request-body limits, and application logs.
  • Repeat a test order after every proxy or certificate change.

The site lost data after maintenance

Check whether docker compose down --volumes was used. That command removes the database volume. Stop further writes, locate the latest off-host SQL and file backups, and restore into a separate project before attempting to return the site to service.

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Production checklist

  • WordPress, PHP, and MySQL or MariaDB meet WooCommerce’s current minimum versions.
  • WordPress memory limit is at least 256 MB.
  • Database has no public port binding.
  • Only required SSH and web ports are open on the VPS firewall.
  • Secrets are stored in protected files or an equivalent secret manager and excluded from source control.
  • Production override defines deliberate restart, logging, and host-binding behavior.
  • TLS redirects HTTP to HTTPS, and forwarded protocol handling is configured.
  • WordPress and Site Address use the final HTTPS hostname.
  • Both wp-content and the database are backed up off-host.
  • A restore drill has succeeded on a separate Compose project.
  • Update records include image tags, Compose configuration, rollback images, and a maintenance window.
  • Checkout, email, scheduled actions, webhooks, and payment callbacks have been tested after deployment.

Bottom line

A dependable WooCommerce VPS deployment is a small, explicit system: WordPress and MySQL or MariaDB communicate over a private Compose network, named volumes preserve state, a reverse proxy provides HTTPS, and a production override makes operational policy visible. Treat backups, upgrades, and restore testing as part of the application rather than optional Docker housekeeping, and the stack remains understandable when a container, certificate, plugin, or host needs attention.

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