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To run remote commands with nsh, install the NKN Shell daemon (nshd) on the Ubuntu host, authorize a client public key with a Unix UID and GID, then connect to the daemon’s NKN address from the browser client. The host does not need a public IP or an inbound firewall rule: it needs Internet access and outbound HTTP/WebSocket connectivity.
This setup is convenient for machines behind NAT, but it is not a drop-in replacement for a carefully hardened SSH deployment. The published walkthrough targets Ubuntu 18.04 and dates from August 10, 2021, so test the commands on your supported Ubuntu release and verify the daemon version before using it for production work.
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NKN Shell (nsh) is a remote shell built on the NKN network. The Ubuntu host runs nshd, which listens for authenticated messages, executes shell commands, and returns standard output or standard error to the client. An NKN client address contains a public key used for routing and end-to-end encryption, so the host can be reached without exposing an SSH port or obtaining a public IP.
The daemon still needs to make outbound connections. A network that blocks outbound HTTP or WebSocket traffic can prevent nsh from registering or carrying a session even when the host has ordinary web access.
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nsh and SSH use different reachability assumptions
| Concern | nsh | Conventional SSH |
|---|---|---|
| How the host is reached | NKN address; no public IP or port forwarding is required when outbound connectivity is available. | Usually a reachable IP address or hostname and an exposed or forwarded SSH port. |
| Identity and encryption | The NKN address incorporates a public key for routing and encryption. | Public-key login protects the user account, while host-key management or a PKI is needed to detect a man-in-the-middle endpoint. |
| Authorization | /etc/nshd/authorized_pubkeys maps an allowed client public key to a Unix UID and GID. |
authorized_keys and the SSH server configuration control account access and restrictions. |
| Client secret | The browser client uses a secret seed that is as sensitive as an SSH private key. | The private key must be protected wherever the SSH client stores it. |
| Operational evidence | The main published guide is from 2021 and uses Ubuntu 18.04; compatibility with your current release must be tested. | SSH is generally available as a standard, mature component on supported Ubuntu releases. |
NKN’s design removes the need to publish an inbound service, but it does not remove the need to protect credentials, limit Unix privileges, patch the host, or monitor the daemon.
Prerequisites and deployment decisions
- An Ubuntu host with a non-root user that has
sudoaccess. Use that account for administration; do not make routine work depend on logging in as root. - Internet access that permits the daemon’s outbound HTTP/WebSocket connections.
- A local firewall policy. nsh avoids an inbound listening port, but the host still needs normal firewall, update, and egress controls.
- A web browser for the NKN Shell Client Xterm interface.
- A decision about which Unix account should run authorized commands. The UID and GID in the authorization file determine that account’s operating-system permissions.
The sample systemd unit below runs nshd as root. That gives every authorized mapping the potential consequences of a root-running daemon, even when the mapping names an unprivileged UID. Treat the unit as a way to reproduce the basic installation, not as a universal hardening baseline. Review whether a dedicated least-privilege account, file ownership changes, and additional systemd restrictions are appropriate for your environment before production use.
Install nshd on Ubuntu
1. Download the Linux archive
From the Ubuntu host, download the Linux amd64 archive from the project’s release endpoint:
wget https://github.com/nknorg/nkn-shell-daemon/releases/latest/download/linux-amd64.tar.gzThe archive is architecture-specific. Confirm that the machine is amd64 before using this file; obtain an appropriate build if your host uses another architecture.
2. Extract and install the executable
Extract the archive in a working directory:
tar -zxvf linux-amd64.tar.gzMove the extracted nsh files, including the nshd executable, into /usr/local/bin/. Keep the daemon at the path used by the service definition, /usr/local/bin/nshd, and verify its ownership and executable permission before continuing. Do not place a downloaded binary in a directory writable by the account that will run ordinary shell commands.
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3. Create the systemd service
Create /etc/systemd/system/nshd.service with this content:
[Unit]
Description=NKN Shell Daemon
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=simple
User=root
Group=root
Restart=always
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/nshd
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetThe After=network.target line orders startup after basic networking; it does not guarantee that the network is fully usable. Restart=always asks systemd to restart the daemon whenever it exits. Because the example specifies User=root and Group=root, revisit those settings during your privilege review.
4. Enable, start, and inspect the daemon
- Enable the service so it starts at boot:
sudo systemctl enable nshd.service - Start it now:
sudo systemctl start nshd.service - Inspect its state and recent diagnostics:
sudo systemctl status nshd.service
On its first run, the daemon creates /etc/nshd/. The directory includes wallet.pswd, wallet.json, and authorized_pubkeys, and the service output prints an NKN listening address. Record that address without exposing it unnecessarily. To retrieve it later, run:
nshd addrIf the service is not active, read the status output and the journal before attempting client connections. A client cannot connect until the daemon has started successfully and has an address.
Create a client key in the browser
Open the NKN Shell Client Xterm web app at https://nsh.nkn.org/. The client can generate a key pair for you; the public key is what you place on the Ubuntu host, while the secret seed remains with the client.
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Protect the secret seed
Anyone who obtains the seed can regenerate the public key and use it on every host where that key is authorized. Handle it like an SSH private key: do not paste it into tickets, chat, shell history, screenshots, or shared notes.
The client repository warns that selecting its remember-key option stores the secret seed in browser LocalStorage in plaintext. Leave that option disabled for an important key pair. If a browser profile or workstation may be shared or compromised, generate and use the key in a dedicated profile or on a trusted administrative system. You may also self-host the client rather than relying on the public web interface, but the seed-handling rule remains the same.
Authorize the client public key
1. Identify the Unix account
On the Ubuntu host, switch to the account that should own remote command processes and obtain its numeric IDs:
idNote the intended UID and GID. A mapping to UID 1000 and GID 1000 is not automatically correct on every host; use the values returned for the account you selected.
2. Edit authorized_pubkeys
Open /etc/nshd/authorized_pubkeys with an editor available to your administrator. Each entry is one line containing the client public key, UID, and GID separated by spaces:
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5d5367a5730427c205904a4457392051d2045dbce0186518fb6eb24dd9e41ba6 1000 1000The public key in this example is only a format illustration. Replace it with the public key generated by your client and replace both numbers with the intended account’s IDs. Add separate lines for separate client keys when you need more than one authorized operator. Keep the file restricted to administrators because changing it changes who can execute commands.
3. Verify and reload the authorization
Check the file for accidental truncation, extra characters, or incorrect IDs:
cat /etc/nshd/authorized_pubkeysRestart the daemon after saving changes:
sudo systemctl restart nshd.serviceA restart makes the edited allowlist take effect. If the service fails afterward, inspect sudo systemctl status nshd.service and correct the file syntax or ownership before trying the browser again.
Connect from the browser and run a command
- Copy the NKN listening address printed by
nshdor returned bynshd addr. - In the browser client, enter that address. Supply a client identifier only if your deployment needs one; it is optional in the walkthrough.
- Select Connect. After authentication succeeds, the page displays a terminal prompt.
- Start with non-destructive checks, such as
cd /etc/nshd lsThe example directory listing contains
authorized_pubkeys,wallet.json, andwallet.pswd. - When finished, type
exitto disconnect.
To reconnect later, return to the web interface, enter the daemon address and any required client identifier, and connect with the same key. A disconnected browser session does not change the server’s authorization file.
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The service is inactive or repeatedly restarts
- Run
sudo systemctl status nshd.serviceand read the latest error text. - Confirm that
/usr/local/bin/nshdexists, is executable, and matches the path inExecStart. - Check that the host can make outbound HTTP/WebSocket connections. An inbound firewall rule will not solve an egress block.
- After correcting a problem, run
sudo systemctl restart nshd.serviceand confirm that a listening address is available.
The browser cannot reach the address
- Make sure you copied the complete current address from
nshd addr; do not substitute the host’s private IP or hostname. - Confirm that
nshd.serviceis active on the intended Ubuntu machine, not merely enabled for a future boot. - Test from a network that permits the browser client to use the NKN service. Corporate proxies or restrictive browser policies can interfere even when the server’s egress is open.
Authentication is rejected
- Compare the public key in the browser client with the key on the corresponding line in
/etc/nshd/authorized_pubkeys. - Check that the UID and GID are numeric values for the intended account and that fields are separated by spaces.
- Restart
nshd.serviceafter editing the file. - If the key was remembered in browser LocalStorage, remove that stored value and re-import or regenerate the intended key in a controlled profile.
Commands run with unexpected permissions
Inspect the account identity from the remote terminal and compare it with the UID/GID mapping you configured. If the daemon service remains configured as root, treat that as a high-impact design issue rather than assuming the mapping alone provides complete isolation. Stop and redesign the deployment if the command scope is broader than intended.
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Security model and hardening checklist
NKN binds an address to a public key for routing and encryption, providing end-to-end delivery without a traditional PKI. That helps with endpoint reachability and identity, but it does not authenticate the human holding a seed, prevent misuse after a seed is stolen, or constrain commands beyond the Unix account and host controls you configure.
- Use least privilege. Reassess the sample root-running unit and consider a dedicated Unix account with only the files and commands required for the job. Test ownership of
/etc/nshd/and the wallet files before changing service users. - Protect wallet material. Treat
wallet.pswdandwallet.jsonas daemon credentials. Restrict their filesystem access and include them in your backup and incident-response plan. - Protect client seeds. Do not enable plaintext browser LocalStorage persistence for a sensitive key. Revoke a key by removing its line from
authorized_pubkeysand restarting the service. - Limit authorization entries. Map each operator key to the narrowest suitable UID/GID and remove old keys promptly.
- Keep normal host controls. Continue applying Ubuntu updates, using a firewall, reviewing logs, and controlling outbound traffic. Avoid exposing unrelated administrative services just because nsh does not require an inbound port.
- Separate testing from production. Verify the binary, service behavior, account mapping, and recovery procedure on a disposable host before authorizing a production machine.
Version and production-readiness considerations
The published installation guide is dated August 10, 2021 and was written for Ubuntu 18.04. Ubuntu 18.04 is not a suitable assumption for a new deployment; use a currently supported Ubuntu release and validate every command, service path, and binary behavior on that release.
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The project’s GitHub release listing identifies v1.1.0 as the latest release and displays July 1 as its release date; confirm the exact release date and version immediately before installation. Pin the version you approve instead of allowing an unattended deployment to change when a latest download is updated.
No independent performance, adoption, or security-rate statistic is established here. Plan capacity and risk controls from your own tests rather than assuming a particular latency, command throughput, or availability level. For production, document how you will rotate client keys, recover the daemon wallet, detect a failed service, and remove authorization after an operator leaves.
Quick Recap
Deployment checklist
- Supported Ubuntu release selected and architecture confirmed.
- Non-root sudo administrator available.
- Outbound HTTP/WebSocket connectivity tested.
- Approved nshd version downloaded and recorded.
- Binary installed at
/usr/local/bin/nshdwith administrator-controlled ownership. - Systemd unit reviewed, especially its root privilege.
- Service enabled, started, and confirmed active.
- NKN address recorded securely.
- Client key generated and seed protected without plaintext LocalStorage persistence.
- Public key mapped to the intended UID/GID in
authorized_pubkeys. - Daemon restarted and a harmless command tested.
- Key-revocation, wallet-backup, update, and outage procedures documented.
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