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Run each Node.js application on its own localhost port, then let NGINX listen on ports 80 and 443 and reverse-proxy requests to the correct port. Use URL prefixes such as example.com/app1/ and example.com/app2/ when one hostname should expose several applications; use separate subdomains and server_name blocks when each application should behave as if it owns the root path.
How the architecture works
A single public domain does not require a single Node.js process. NGINX is the public entry point and traffic director:
- NGINX accepts HTTP and HTTPS traffic on ports 80 and 443.
- Each Node.js app listens on a different private port, such as
127.0.0.1:3001and127.0.0.1:3002. - NGINX matches the hostname or URL path and forwards the request to the appropriate local port.
- NGINX can terminate TLS, redirect HTTP to HTTPS, add forwarding headers, and handle WebSocket upgrades.
The Node listeners should normally bind to localhost rather than a public interface. That prevents users from bypassing NGINX and reaching an application without its TLS, routing, logging, or access-control layer.
There are two routing designs:
| Design | Example URL | NGINX match | Application requirement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Path-based routing | https://example.com/app1/ |
A location /app1/ block |
The app and its generated links must work beneath a base path, or NGINX must rewrite the prefix as appropriate. |
| Subdomain routing | https://app1.example.com/ |
A separate server_name block |
The app can assume it is mounted at /; DNS and certificates must cover each hostname. |
NGINX chooses the longest matching prefix when several prefix locations match. This makes specific locations such as /app1/api/ take precedence over a broader /app1/ location, provided the configuration is written deliberately.
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Choose paths or subdomains before configuring NGINX
When URL paths are the better fit
- You want one canonical hostname for users, bookmarks, and an existing site.
- The applications are logically sections of one product, such as a dashboard and an API.
- You can configure each frontend, API router, cookie, and asset URL to understand its prefix.
- You prefer one certificate and one DNS record for the public entry point.
Path routing is convenient, but the prefix becomes part of every browser-visible URL. A frontend that emits /assets/main.js instead of /app1/assets/main.js will request the wrong application. Client-side routers, API calls, redirects, cookie paths, service workers, and absolute links all need review.
When subdomains are the better fit
- Each application already expects to run at
/and should not be changed. - The applications have independent teams, deployments, cookies, or security policies.
- Users benefit from clear hostnames such as
api.example.comandadmin.example.com. - You can create DNS records and obtain certificates for every hostname.
Subdomains avoid most prefix-aware routing work. In exchange, you must manage DNS, certificate coverage, cross-origin requests, and cookie scope. A cookie scoped to app1.example.com is not automatically sent to app2.example.com; a cookie scoped to .example.com is shared more broadly and therefore deserves stricter security review.
| Decision factor | Paths on one host | Separate subdomains |
|---|---|---|
| Application base path | Apps must tolerate a prefix or receive a deliberate rewrite. | Each app can normally assume /. |
| URL clarity | example.com/app1/ keeps one hostname. |
app1.example.com makes service boundaries obvious. |
| DNS | Usually one hostname record. | One record per hostname, or a wildcard strategy. |
| TLS | One certificate can cover the host. | The certificate must include every subdomain used. |
| Local development | Testing prefixes can expose hidden absolute-URL bugs. | Separate local hostnames or ports resemble production root paths. |
| Cookies and browser origin | Apps share an origin and need carefully scoped cookie paths. | Apps are different origins and may require CORS for browser calls. |
| SEO and navigation | One site hierarchy is straightforward, but duplicate or missing prefixes can create bad URLs. | Search engines and users see distinct hosts; canonical and cross-host navigation need planning. |
Prepare the server and Node.js applications
Install the required components
You need a Linux server, a DNS name pointed at it, NGINX, Node.js, and a process supervisor. Package-manager commands vary by distribution, so use the supported NGINX and Node.js packages for your operating system. Confirm the components before changing the proxy:
nginx -v
node --version
npm --version
sudo systemctl status nginx
Open only ports 80 and 443 in the firewall. The application ports do not need public firewall rules when the apps listen on 127.0.0.1.
Give every app a distinct listener and environment
Configure one port per application. For example, app 1 uses 3001 and app 2 uses 3002:
PORT=3001 node /srv/app1/app.js
PORT=3002 node /srv/app2/app.js
Use separate working directories, environment files, log files, and deployment identities where practical. Each application should handle graceful shutdown and report startup failures clearly; otherwise NGINX will return gateway errors while the underlying process is stopped.
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Make the application proxy-aware
Applications commonly need to trust the proxy for the original protocol and client address. In an Express application, for example, configure the framework’s proxy-trust setting according to your network topology, then use the forwarded protocol and host when generating redirects. Do not blindly trust arbitrary forwarding headers if the app can also be reached directly from an untrusted network.
For a path-mounted app, configure the frontend build and server-side router with its public base URL. A browser request to /app1/ should result in asset, API, and client-side navigation URLs that retain /app1/. If the app cannot be configured this way, a subdomain is usually safer than trying to patch every generated URL at the proxy.
Configure path-based routing on one domain
The following example sends /app1/ to port 3001 and /app2/ to port 3002. The upstream names keep backend definitions separate from the public locations.
http {
upstream app1_backend {
server 127.0.0.1:3001;
}
upstream app2_backend {
server 127.0.0.1:3002;
}
map $http_upgrade $connection_upgrade {
default upgrade;
'' close;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
location = /app1 {
return 301 /app1/;
}
location /app1/ {
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade;
proxy_pass http://app1_backend/;
}
location = /app2 {
return 301 /app2/;
}
location /app2/ {
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade;
proxy_pass http://app2_backend/;
}
}
}
Why the trailing slash in proxy_pass matters
In location /app1/, the directive proxy_pass http://app1_backend/; includes a URI, namely /. NGINX replaces the part of the request URI that matched the location. Therefore, a client request for /app1/orders/42 reaches app 1 as /orders/42.
If you write proxy_pass http://app1_backend; without the trailing slash, NGINX forwards the original URI, so the backend receives /app1/orders/42. Choose the behavior that matches the application’s router. Do not change the slash casually: it is a common cause of unexpected 404 responses and duplicated prefixes.
Handle the prefix inside the application
With the configuration above, the backend sees root-relative paths such as /orders/42. The application still needs to generate browser-facing URLs with /app1 when users access it through the public domain. Typical fixes include setting a framework base path, configuring the frontend’s public path, setting a router basename, and ensuring redirects include the prefix. Test hard-coded links, form actions, CSS URLs, JavaScript chunks, images, favicon requests, API calls, and WebSocket endpoints.
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Prevent prefix collisions
Reserve each prefix and document it. A broad location / for a main site can coexist with location /app1/ because the longer prefix wins. Avoid overlapping prefixes such as /app and /app1 unless you have tested every edge case; use clear names and exact redirects for the prefix without its trailing slash.
Configure subdomains with separate server blocks
For app1.example.com and app2.example.com, create DNS records pointing both names to the NGINX server. Then use one server block per hostname:
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http {
upstream app1_backend {
server 127.0.0.1:3001;
}
upstream app2_backend {
server 127.0.0.1:3002;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name app1.example.com;
location / {
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade;
proxy_pass http://app1_backend;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name app2.example.com;
location / {
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade;
proxy_pass http://app2_backend;
}
}
}
When the location is simply /, omitting a URI in proxy_pass preserves the full request path. Both applications can therefore receive /, /login, and other root-relative routes exactly as they do when run alone.
The map block used for WebSockets must be declared in the http context, above the server blocks. If you do not need WebSockets, the upgrade headers can be omitted; retaining them is harmless when the application handles ordinary HTTP requests correctly.
Add HTTPS and redirect HTTP
Terminate TLS at NGINX. Obtain a certificate covering the public hostname or hostnames, then use an HTTP server only for the redirect:
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name example.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
location /app1/ {
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade;
proxy_pass http://app1_backend/;
}
location /app2/ {
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade;
proxy_pass http://app2_backend/;
}
}
For subdomains, create corresponding HTTPS blocks and ensure the certificate includes app1.example.com and app2.example.com. A wildcard certificate can cover a matching subdomain pattern, but it does not cover the bare domain unless that name is also included.
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Forward X-Forwarded-Proto so the application knows that the user connected with HTTPS. Without it, an app may issue an HTTP redirect from an already secure request, creating redirect loops or insecure absolute links.
Run and supervise the Node.js processes
Use a process supervisor
Do not rely on an interactive SSH session. A supervisor should start each app at boot, restart it after an unexpected exit, retain separate logs, and apply the correct environment variables. PM2 is one option:
pm2 start /srv/app1/app.js --name app1 --env production
pm2 start /srv/app2/app.js --name app2 --env production
pm2 save
pm2 startup
Follow the command printed by pm2 startup to register the boot-time service. Keep app names distinct so status, restart, and log commands target the intended process.
Use one process per app when isolation is the priority
One supervised process per application makes memory limits, deployments, logs, and failures easier to understand. A crash in app 1 does not require restarting app 2. This model is often the simplest starting point for several unrelated services on one host.
Use cluster mode for CPU scaling
PM2 can start multiple workers for one application:
pm2 start /srv/app1/app.js -i max --name app1
The built-in load balancer distributes networked Node.js applications across available CPUs without application-code changes. Cluster mode is suitable only when the app is safe to run statelessly across workers. Store sessions, rate-limit counters, background-job state, and other shared data in an external store or use another persistence strategy. In-memory sessions can send a user to a worker that does not contain the session created by another worker.
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Use named upstreams for multiple backend instances
A named upstream can contain more than one server. NGINX uses round-robin distribution by default:
upstream app1_backend {
server 127.0.0.1:3001;
server 127.0.0.1:3002;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name app1.example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://app1_backend;
}
}
Do not place unrelated applications in the same upstream. Every server listed in one upstream must serve the same application and be able to handle any request that reaches it. If a worker depends on local files, local sessions, or local uploads, make that state shared or use a persistence mechanism before distributing traffic.
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Support WebSockets and long-lived connections
WebSocket handshakes require HTTP/1.1 and the Upgrade and Connection headers. The map and proxy headers shown earlier support both ordinary HTTP requests and upgrades. Test the actual WebSocket URL through the public hostname, not only against localhost.
NGINX’s default proxy read timeout may close an idle long-lived connection. Increase proxy_read_timeout only when the application’s protocol requires it:
location /app1/ {
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade;
proxy_read_timeout 300s;
proxy_pass http://app1_backend/;
}
A long timeout consumes connection capacity for longer, so do not use an arbitrarily large value for every location. Prefer application-level ping messages when the protocol supports them.
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Validate, reload, and monitor the deployment
- Check the syntax before applying a change:
sudo nginx -t. Do not reload if this reports an error. - Reload without dropping existing connections:
sudo systemctl reload nginx. - Confirm both Node processes are listening only where intended:
ss -ltnp | grep -E '3001|3002'. - Test each public path or hostname:
curl -I https://example.com/app1/,curl -I https://example.com/app2/, or the corresponding subdomain URLs. - Test the prefix without its trailing slash and verify it redirects to the slash form.
- Open browser developer tools and check HTML, JavaScript, CSS, image, API, redirect, cookie, and WebSocket requests.
- Inspect NGINX’s error log and the matching application’s log when a request fails.
A successful nginx -t proves syntax, not application behavior. A 502 response usually means NGINX cannot connect to the configured port, the process has stopped, or a local firewall or socket permission prevents access. A 404 can indicate an incorrect proxy_pass slash, a router that still expects the prefix, or an application route that does not exist. A redirect loop commonly indicates that the app is unaware TLS was terminated at NGINX or that X-Forwarded-Proto is missing.
Troubleshoot the common failure modes
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to check |
|---|---|---|
| 502 Bad Gateway | Backend is stopped, listening on another port, or bound to a different address. | Check supervisor status, application logs, ss -ltnp, and the upstream port. |
| Every app shows the same content | The wrong server_name, location, or upstream is being selected. |
Confirm the Host header, DNS target, exact location, and active NGINX configuration. |
App works on localhost but not under /app1/ |
Absolute asset or API URLs omit the prefix. | Inspect browser network requests and configure the framework or frontend base path. |
Backend receives an unexpected /app1 prefix |
proxy_pass omitted its URI. |
Choose between proxy_pass http://app1_backend/; and proxy_pass http://app1_backend; deliberately. |
| WebSocket closes immediately | Upgrade headers, HTTP/1.1, or an idle timeout are missing. | Check the location headers, endpoint path, browser handshake, and application logs. |
| Users are logged out intermittently in a cluster | Sessions are stored only in worker memory. | Use an external session store or another shared persistence strategy. |
| HTTPS redirects back to HTTP | The application does not trust the proxy or does not receive the original scheme. | Pass X-Forwarded-Proto and configure proxy trust safely in the app. |
| One app’s cookies affect another | Cookie domain or path is too broad. | Set the narrowest suitable cookie domain and path; review subdomain sharing explicitly. |
Security and operational practices
- Bind Node.js to
127.0.0.1unless another network exposure is intentional. - Expose only ports 80 and 443 publicly, with administrative access restricted separately.
- Run applications as a non-root user and give each process only the filesystem permissions it needs.
- Keep secrets in the supervisor or deployment environment rather than in a public repository or NGINX configuration committed to source control.
- Use separate access and error logs, and include the hostname or application name in log paths when several services share a machine.
- Set request size, buffering, and timeout values according to the application instead of copying large limits to every location.
- Reload NGINX only after syntax validation, and keep a known-good configuration available for rollback.
- Monitor disk space, memory, CPU, process restarts, upstream errors, certificate expiry, and log growth.
Path routing versus subdomains: a practical decision
Choose path routing when a single origin and compact URL structure outweigh the work of making every application prefix-aware. Choose subdomains when independent applications already assume root-relative URLs, need separate ownership, or have different release and security boundaries. Neither design increases the number of public listeners: one NGINX instance can route dozens of hostnames and paths to private Node.js ports.
Start with separate localhost ports and explicit upstreams even if you expect to scale later. That separation lets you move from one process to several workers, or from one server to multiple backend instances, without changing the public URL contract. Once routing works, add TLS, process supervision, health checks, and WebSocket testing as separate, verifiable changes.
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